📋 PGT Exam Pattern & Board Comparison
पीजीटी परीक्षा पैटर्न
PGT = Post Graduate Teacher — सीनियर सेकेंडरी (कक्षा 11–12) पढ़ाने वाला शिक्षक। पात्रता (eligibility): Post-Graduation (परास्नातक, अक्सर 50% अंक ज़रूरी) + B.Ed। PGT के विषय-पेपर डिग्री/PG स्तर के गहरे होते हैं — TGT जितने आसान नहीं।
एक लाइन में: हर बोर्ड का पैटर्न अलग है — कुछ में negative marking है, कुछ में नहीं। नीचे की टेबल याद कर लो, यही सबसे ज़्यादा पूछा जाने वाला revision-point है।
🗂️ Board-wise PGT Pattern — at a glance
पाँच मुख्य बोर्ड का तुलना-चार्ट — एक नज़र में।
| Board | Conducting Body | Total Qs | Duration | Marks | Per Q | Negative? | Sections | Eligibility |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UP-PGT | UPSESSB (upsessb.org) | 125 | 2 hrs | 425 | 3.4 | NO ✅ | General Awareness + Concerned Subject (max weight) + Pedagogy | PG (50%) + B.Ed |
| KVS-PGT | KVS (kvsangathan.nic.in) | 100 (T1) | 2 hrs (T1) | 300 (T1) | +3 | YES −1 ⚠️ | Two-tier: T1 (Eng/Hin, GK&CA, Reasoning, Education&Leadership) → T2 subject + Interview | PG + B.Ed |
| NVS-PGT | NVS (navodaya.gov.in) | 100 (T1) | ~2 hrs | — | obj. | YES ⚠️ | Structure similar to KVS: T1 (100 Q common) + T2 (subject) + Interview, bilingual EN+HI | PG + B.Ed |
| DSSSB-PGT | DSSSB (dsssb.delhi.gov.in) | 200 | ~2–3 hrs | 200 | 1 | YES −0.25 ⚠️ | One-tier objective: Section I (common: GA, Reasoning, Arithmetic, Hindi, English) + Section II (subject + PG-level pedagogy) | PG + B.Ed |
| AWES / APS | Army Welfare Edu. Soc. (awesindia.com) | 200 (CSB) | online | 200 | obj. | check notif. | CSB Screening: Part A (Reasoning, GA, Computer, Maths ~90 Q) + Part B (subject ~90 Q) → Interview + Skill Test | PG + B.Ed |
नोट: KVS/NVS में T1 के मार्क्स केवल qualifying होते हैं (आगे merit में नहीं जुड़ते)। AWES की negative marking हर साल के notification पर निर्भर — हमेशा official PDF देखें।
⚖️ PGT कैसे TGT से अलग है?
PGT vs TGT — सबसे ज़्यादा पूछा जाने वाला अंतर।
| Point | TGT (टीजीटी) | PGT (पीजीटी) |
|---|---|---|
| Full form | Trained Graduate Teacher | Post Graduate Teacher |
| Qualification | Graduation + B.Ed | Post-Graduation + B.Ed (अक्सर 50%) |
| Classes taught (कक्षा) | 6 – 10 | 11 – 12 (senior secondary) |
| Subject depth (गहराई) | Up to class-10 + NCERT level | Degree / PG level — much deeper concepts |
| Pedagogy (शिक्षण-शास्त्र) | Middle / secondary teaching methods | Senior-secondary pedagogy (board-exam, stream-based) |
🧠 Mnemonic / ट्रिक
"P आगे = पढ़ाई आगे" — PGT में Post-graduation चाहिए और Purani (बड़ी) classes 11–12 पढ़ानी हैं; गहरा subject। TGT = सिर्फ graduation, छोटी classes 6–10. (अक्षर P/T से number याद रखो: TGT-Ten तक, PGT-Plus दो साल आगे।)
🪜 KVS-PGT Two-Tier Flow
केवीएस-पीजीटी का दो-चरण चयन कैसे होता है।
T1
Tier-1 — Screening (QUALIFYING only)
100 Q · 2 hrs · +3 correct / −1 wrong · 300 marks. अंक merit में नहीं जुड़ते — बस अगले चरण के लिए पास होना ज़रूरी।
Sections: General English & General Hindi · GK & Current Affairs · Reasoning Ability · Perspectives on Education & Leadership. No sectional cut-off.
↓
T2
Tier-2 — Subject paper
विषय-विशेष · Objective + Descriptive · marking +1 / −0.25. यही असली स्कोरिंग पेपर है।
↓
🎯
Interview + Final Merit
Final merit = 85% Tier-2 + 15% Interview. (Tier-1 का कोई weight नहीं — सिर्फ gate है।)
NVS-PGT का flow भी लगभग यही है: Tier-1 (100 Q common) → Tier-2 (subject) → Interview, द्विभाषी (EN+HI)।
📊 Sectional Weightage — Subject paper raja hai
सबसे ज़्यादा भार किस सेक्शन पर — हर बोर्ड में विषय-पेपर सबसे भारी।
- UP-PGT: Concerned Subject = सबसे ज़्यादा weightage → फिर General Awareness + Pedagogy. विषय में मजबूत हुए तो 425 में से बड़ा हिस्सा यहीं से।
- DSSSB-PGT: 200 में से लगभग आधे (~100) common Section I + बाकी Section II subject + PG-level pedagogy. विषय गहराई से पढ़ें।
- KVS/NVS-PGT: Tier-1 केवल gate; असली merit का 85% Tier-2 subject paper से बनता है। यानी subject ही king है।
- AWES/APS: Part B (subject ~90 Q) screening में निर्णायक; आगे interview + skill test।
📌 Remember this fact
हर बोर्ड में Concerned Subject paper ही selection तय करता है। General/Reasoning/Hindi-English को सिर्फ qualifying-स्तर तक संभालो, पूरी ताकत अपने विषय पर लगाओ।
⚠️ Common mistake / आम गलती
बहुत से छात्र KVS/NVS में Tier-1 के अंक को merit समझ बैठते हैं — गलत! T1 सिर्फ qualifying है। साथ ही UP-PGT (3.4 अंक/प्रश्न, 425) और UP-TGT (4 अंक/प्रश्न, 500) के per-question marks अलग हैं — इन्हें मत मिलाओ।
💡 Exam tip / परीक्षा टिप — marking के हिसाब से strategy
- UP-PGT (NO negative ✅): सारे 125 प्रश्न attempt करो — एक भी खाली मत छोड़ो। नहीं आता तो भी educated guess लगाओ; गलत का कोई नुकसान नहीं, सही का फायदा। (कुछ भी छोड़ना = मुफ्त के अंक गँवाना।)
- DSSSB (−0.25) / KVS Tier-1 (−1) ⚠️: सिर्फ तभी guess करो जब 2 options पक्के तौर पर हटा सको (तब odds आपके पक्ष में)। पूरा अंधा guess न करें — KVS में −1 भारी पड़ता है, accuracy > speed.
सुनहरा नियम: Negative marking नहीं → सब भरो। Negative है → सोच-समझकर, 50%+ confidence पर ही tick करो।
🧒 Child Development & Pedagogy (CDP) — Theorists Cheatsheet
बाल विकास एवं शिक्षाशास्त्र — हर शिक्षक परीक्षा (CTET/TET/TGT/PGT) का सबसे ज़्यादा अंक देने वाला साझा भाग
💡 Exam tip / परीक्षा टिप — CDP CTET Paper-I & Paper-II में सबसे ऊँचे वेटेज वाला कॉमन सेक्शन है। theorist (सिद्धांतकार) + उसका keyword (मुख्य शब्द) रट लो — 70% सवाल "किसने यह दिया?" टाइप के होते हैं। नाम ↔ keyword ↔ एक लाइन — बस यही formula है।
📋 Master Theorist Table / मास्टर तालिका
सबसे पहले यही याद करो — पूरे CDP का निचोड़ एक नज़र में।
| Theorist | Theory / सिद्धांत | Key term / मुख्य शब्द | Exam one-liner |
|---|---|---|---|
| Jean Piaget | Cognitive Development (संज्ञानात्मक विकास) | Schema, 4 Stages, Assimilation | Children think differently from adults; learning is self-constructed. |
| Lev Vygotsky | Socio-Cultural (सामाजिक-सांस्कृतिक) | ZPD, Scaffolding, MKO | Learning is social; language drives thought. |
| L. Kohlberg | Moral Development (नैतिक विकास) | 3 Levels / 6 Stages, Heinz | Morality develops in stages; extended Piaget. |
| Erik Erikson | Psycho-Social (मनो-सामाजिक) | 8 Stages, "Crisis" per stage | Lifelong development through 8 conflicts. |
| Jerome Bruner | Cognitive / Discovery (खोज अधिगम) | 3 Modes, Spiral Curriculum | Learn by discovery; revisit topics at depth. |
| B.F. Skinner | Operant Conditioning (क्रियाप्रसूत) | Reinforcement, Reward/Punish | Behaviour shaped by consequences. |
| I. Pavlov | Classical Conditioning (अनुबंधन) | Dog–Bell–Salivation | Stimulus–response association. |
| E. Thorndike | Connectionism / Trial & Error | 3 Laws, Cat–Puzzle Box | Learning by S–R bonds & trial-error. |
| A. Maslow | Hierarchy of Needs (आवश्यकता क्रम) | 5 Levels, Self-Actualization | Lower needs first, then growth (Humanist). |
1️⃣ Jean Piaget — Cognitive Development
बच्चा वैज्ञानिक की तरह स्वयं ज्ञान बनाता है — 4 चरण, हर चरण का एक keyword।
Core terms: Schema (मानसिक ढाँचा) = mental box of knowledge · Assimilation (आत्मसातीकरण) = fit NEW info into an OLD schema · Accommodation (समायोजन) = CHANGE the schema to fit new info · Equilibration (संतुलन) = balance between the two (the engine of development).
| Stage | Age | ONE keyword | What it means |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sensorimotor | 0–2 yrs | Object Permanence | Object exists even when hidden (वस्तु स्थायित्व). |
| Pre-operational | 2–7 yrs | Egocentrism & Animism | Only own view (अहंकेन्द्रिता); objects are "alive" (सजीवता). |
| Concrete Operational | 7–11 yrs | Conservation & Reversibility | Quantity stays same despite shape (संरक्षण); logical but needs concrete objects. |
| Formal Operational | 11+ yrs | Abstract & Hypothetical | Abstract logic & "what-if" reasoning (अमूर्त चिंतन). |
🧠 Mnemonic — Piaget's 4 stages
"Some People Can Fly" → Sensorimotor → Pre-operational → Concrete → Formal.
हिंदी ट्रिक: "सपने पर फोकस" → स=Sensorimotor, प=Pre, क/कं=Concrete, फो=Formal. Ages = 2-7-11 (yaad rakho: do-saat-gyaarah).
"Some People Can Fly" → Sensorimotor → Pre-operational → Concrete → Formal.
हिंदी ट्रिक: "सपने पर फोकस" → स=Sensorimotor, प=Pre, क/कं=Concrete, फो=Formal. Ages = 2-7-11 (yaad rakho: do-saat-gyaarah).
⚠️ Common mistake / आम गलती — Conservation Pre-operational में नहीं, Concrete Operational में आती है। Object permanence हमेशा Sensorimotor का keyword है, formal का नहीं।
2️⃣ Lev Vygotsky — Socio-Cultural Theory
सीखना सामाजिक है — समाज, भाषा और "बड़े जानकार" से बच्चा सीखता है।
- ZPD (Zone of Proximal Development) (समीपस्थ विकास क्षेत्र) — gap between what a child can do ALONE vs. with HELP. Teaching must target this zone.
- Scaffolding (पाड़/सहारा) — temporary support from teacher/peer, slowly removed (term coined by Bruner, built on Vygotsky).
- MKO — More Knowledgeable Other (अधिक जानकार व्यक्ति) — teacher, parent, or even a smarter peer.
- Private Speech (आत्म-वार्ता) — child talking to self = a tool of thinking (Vygotsky), NOT immature (against Piaget's "egocentric speech").
- Language is the most important psychological tool; thought & language develop together.
⚠️ Piaget vs Vygotsky / अंतर — Piaget: development THEN learning (child = lone scientist). Vygotsky: learning THROUGH social interaction comes FIRST (child = social apprentice). Scaffolding & ZPD = always Vygotsky.
3️⃣ Lawrence Kohlberg — Moral Development
नैतिकता 3 स्तर / 6 चरणों में विकसित होती है — "हाइन्ज़ दुविधा" से जाँची गई।
| Level | Stages | Basis of "right & wrong" |
|---|---|---|
| I. Pre-conventional (पूर्व-रूढ़िगत) |
1. Obedience & Punishment 2. Self-interest (reward) |
Avoid punishment / gain reward. (सज़ा से बचना) Mostly young children. |
| II. Conventional (रूढ़िगत) |
3. "Good boy / good girl" 4. Law & Order |
Social approval & following rules/law. (समाज की स्वीकृति) |
| III. Post-conventional (उत्तर-रूढ़िगत) |
5. Social Contract 6. Universal Ethical Principles |
Personal ethics & justice above law. (सार्वभौमिक सिद्धांत) Few adults reach this. |
💡 Heinz Dilemma / हाइन्ज़ दुविधा — Kohlberg's famous story: a man (Heinz) steals an over-priced drug to save his dying wife. The QUESTION tested was not "did he steal?" but the REASONING behind right/wrong — that reasoning revealed the moral stage. (कहानी नहीं, तर्क मायने रखता है।)
4️⃣ Erik Erikson — 8 Psycho-Social Stages
पूरे जीवन में 8 चरण — हर चरण में एक "संकट/द्वंद्व" (crisis) हल करना पड़ता है।
| # | Age | Crisis / द्वंद्व | Virtue |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 0–1½ yr | Trust vs Mistrust | Hope |
| 2 | 1½–3 yr | Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt | Will |
| 3 | 3–5 yr | Initiative vs Guilt | Purpose |
| 4 | 5–12 yr | Industry vs Inferiority | Competence |
| 5 | 12–18 yr | Identity vs Role Confusion | Fidelity |
| 6 | 18–40 yr | Intimacy vs Isolation | Love |
| 7 | 40–65 yr | Generativity vs Stagnation | Care |
| 8 | 65+ yr | Ego Integrity vs Despair | Wisdom |
💡 Exam tip — Stages 1–5 are the school-relevant ones (most asked). For a primary-school child the key crisis is Industry vs Inferiority (stage 4); for a teenager it's Identity vs Role Confusion (stage 5). (किशोर = पहचान बनाम भूमिका भ्रम।)
5️⃣ Jerome Bruner — Modes & Discovery
ज्ञान 3 रूपों में दर्शाया जाता है; खोज से सीखना; सर्पिल पाठ्यक्रम।
3 Modes of Representation / प्रतिनिधित्व के 3 रूप (in order):
- Enactive (क्रियात्मक) — learning by DOING / action (e.g., riding a cycle).
- Iconic (प्रतिमात्मक) — learning through IMAGES / pictures.
- Symbolic (सांकेतिक) — learning through LANGUAGE / symbols / abstract code.
Spiral Curriculum (सर्पिल पाठ्यक्रम) — same topic revisited again & again at deeper levels. · Discovery Learning (खोज अधिगम) — student finds answers themselves; teacher = facilitator.
🧠 Trick — Bruner's modes "E–I–S" = Enactive → Iconic → Symbolic (Action → Image → Symbol). करके → देखकर → शब्दों से।
6️⃣ Learning Theories — Quick Table
अधिगम के 3 बड़े स्कूल — व्यवहारवाद, संज्ञानवाद, रचनावाद।
| School | Theorists & key idea | Remember this |
|---|---|---|
| Behaviourism (व्यवहारवाद) |
Pavlov — Classical Conditioning (dog–bell). Skinner — Operant Conditioning + Reinforcement. Thorndike — Trial & Error + 3 Laws. |
Learning = change in observable BEHAVIOUR via Stimulus–Response. |
| Cognitivism (संज्ञानवाद) |
Gestalt school — Insight Learning (अंतर्दृष्टि). Köhler — chimpanzee "sudden Aha!" experiment. |
Learning = mental insight; "whole > sum of parts". |
| Constructivism (रचनावाद) |
Piaget (cognitive) + Vygotsky (social). | Learner CONSTRUCTS own knowledge actively (NCF-2005 basis). |
Reinforcement (Skinner): Positive = ADD a pleasant stimulus (give reward) · Negative = REMOVE an unpleasant stimulus — both INCREASE behaviour. Punishment DECREASES behaviour (do not confuse with negative reinforcement).
Thorndike's 3 Primary Laws / 3 नियम: Readiness (तत्परता) · Exercise (अभ्यास) · Effect (प्रभाव) — pleasant effect strengthens the S–R bond.
⚠️ Common mistake / आम गलती — Negative reinforcement ≠ Punishment. Negative reinforcement से व्यवहार बढ़ता है (unpleasant हटाकर), जबकि punishment से व्यवहार घटता है। यह एक नंबर पक्का करने वाला सवाल है।
7️⃣ Intelligence Theories / बुद्धि के सिद्धांत
| Theorist | Theory & key point |
|---|---|
| Spearman | Two-Factor — g (general) + s (specific) ability. |
| Thorndike | Multifactor — 3 types: Social, Concrete, Abstract intelligence. |
| Guilford | SOI (Structure of Intellect) — 3-D model (operations × content × products). |
| Gardner | Multiple Intelligences — 8 types (see below). |
| Sternberg | Triarchic — 3 parts: Analytical, Creative, Practical. |
| Goleman | Emotional Intelligence (EQ) — managing self & others' emotions. |
Gardner's 8 Multiple Intelligences: Linguistic · Logical-Mathematical · Spatial · Bodily-Kinaesthetic · Musical · Interpersonal · Intrapersonal · Naturalistic. (कुछ बोर्ड 9th "Existential" भी जोड़ते हैं — Gardner ने मूल रूप से 8 दिए।)
IQ formula = (Mental Age ÷ Chronological Age) × 100 (बुद्धि-लब्धि = मानसिक आयु ÷ वास्तविक आयु × 100). Concept given by Stern; ratio IQ used by Terman.
8️⃣ Motivation & Bloom's Taxonomy
अभिप्रेरणा (Maslow) और सीखने के उद्देश्य (Bloom)।
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs — 5 levels (bottom → top):
- Physiological (शारीरिक) — food, water, sleep.
- Safety (सुरक्षा) — security, shelter.
- Love / Belonging (प्रेम/अपनापन) — friends, family.
- Esteem (सम्मान) — respect, recognition.
- Self-Actualization (आत्म-साक्षात्कार) — reaching full potential (top).
Intrinsic (आंतरिक) = motivation from WITHIN (interest, joy of learning). Extrinsic (बाह्य) = from OUTSIDE (marks, prize, fear). Intrinsic is more lasting.
🧠 Mnemonic — Maslow's 5 needs
"Please Stop Loving Everyone's Selfies" → Physiological · Safety · Love · Esteem · Self-actualization.
हिंदी क्रम: शरीर → सुरक्षा → प्रेम → सम्मान → आत्म-साक्षात्कार।
"Please Stop Loving Everyone's Selfies" → Physiological · Safety · Love · Esteem · Self-actualization.
हिंदी क्रम: शरीर → सुरक्षा → प्रेम → सम्मान → आत्म-साक्षात्कार।
Bloom's Taxonomy — Revised (Anderson & Krathwohl) — lower → higher order:
Remember → Understand → Apply → Analyze → Evaluate → Create
स्मरण → समझना → प्रयोग → विश्लेषण → मूल्यांकन → सृजन
3 Domains / 3 क्षेत्र: Cognitive (संज्ञानात्मक — सोच) · Affective (भावात्मक — भावनाएँ/मूल्य) · Psychomotor (मनोगत्यात्मक — शारीरिक कौशल).
⚠️ Common mistake / आम गलती — Revised Bloom में सबसे ऊँचा स्तर Create है (पुराने original में सबसे ऊपर "Evaluation/Synthesis" था)। Revised में सभी स्तर VERB रूप में हैं (Remember, not Knowledge)। "Create" सबसे उच्च क्रम का चिंतन है।
💡 Final revision shot / आख़िरी रिवीज़न — परीक्षा हॉल में जाने से पहले 5 जोड़ी याद कर लो:
Piaget = Stages/Schema · Vygotsky = ZPD/Scaffolding · Kohlberg = Moral/Heinz · Erikson = 8 Crises · Bruner = E-I-S/Spiral · Skinner = Reinforcement · Maslow = 5 Needs · Bloom = 6 Levels (Create top). Yahi 8 jodi CDP ke 70% sawal cover kar deti hain.
🎓 Educational Thinkers & Philosophies
शिक्षा दार्शनिक एवं विचारधाराएँ
This is one of the highest-scoring areas in TGT/PGT pedagogy & CTET/Child-Development sections. Questions are almost always match-the-pairs (thinker ↔ idea ↔ book/institution). Memorise the core idea and the one signature word/book for each name — that alone clears most questions.
यह भाग शिक्षाशास्त्र (Pedagogy) का सबसे अधिक अंक देने वाला टॉपिक है। प्रश्न प्रायः "जोड़ी मिलाओ" प्रकार के आते हैं — विचारक, उसका मुख्य विचार और पुस्तक/संस्था याद रखें।
Indian Educational Thinkers
भारतीय शिक्षा विचारक — स्वदेशी, मातृभाषा एवं चरित्र-निर्माण पर बल।
| Thinker / विचारक | Core Idea / मुख्य विचार | Signature Book / Institution |
|---|---|---|
| Mahatma Gandhi | Basic Education / Nai Talim (बुनियादी शिक्षा / नई तालीम) — learning through a craft, self-supporting education, education in the mother tongue (मातृभाषा), head–heart–hand & dignity of manual labour. | Journal Harijan; Wardha Scheme of Education (1937); book Hind Swaraj |
| Rabindranath Tagore | Naturalism (प्रकृतिवाद) + freedom; education in open nature, harmony of man & nature, learning through joy, art & activity. | Shantiniketan (school) & Visva-Bharati (university); book Gitanjali |
| Swami Vivekananda | "Man-making" education (मानव-निर्माण शिक्षा) — "Education is the manifestation of perfection already in man." Character building, self-confidence, concentration. | Ramakrishna Mission (1897); Belur Math |
| Sri Aurobindo | Integral Education (समग्र शिक्षा) — physical, vital, mental, psychic & spiritual growth; "nothing can be taught," teacher is a helper/guide. | Sri Aurobindo Ashram, Pondicherry; Auroville; book The Life Divine |
| Gijubhai Badheka | Pioneer of child-centred / Montessori-style early education in India; storytelling & play; called "मूँछों वाली माँ" (the moustached mother). | Bal Mandir, Bhavnagar (Gujarat); book Divaswapna |
| J. Krishnamurti | Education for total freedom from fear & conditioning; learning without comparison or competition; self-understanding. | Krishnamurti Foundation schools (e.g. Rishi Valley); book Education and the Significance of Life |
🧠 Mnemonic / याद रखने की ट्रिक
Link each name to ONE keyword: Gandhi → Craft/Nai Talim, Tagore → Shantiniketan/Nature, Vivekananda → Man-making, Aurobindo → Integral, Gijubhai → Divaswapna, Krishnamurti → Freedom. If you remember the keyword, the pair is solved.
हर नाम के साथ एक ही शब्द जोड़ें — परीक्षा में जोड़ी तुरंत मिल जाएगी।
Western Educational Thinkers
पाश्चात्य शिक्षा विचारक — "करके सीखना", खेल एवं प्रकृति पर आधारित।
| Thinker / विचारक | Core Idea / मुख्य विचार | Signature Book / Contribution |
|---|---|---|
| J.J. Rousseau | Naturalism (प्रकृतिवाद) — "Back to Nature"; negative education (निषेधात्मक शिक्षा) up to age 12; child-centred, follow the child's natural growth. | Book Émile (the "bible of naturalism"); also The Social Contract |
| Friedrich Froebel | Founder of the Kindergarten (बाल-उद्यान); play as the basis of learning; "gifts" & "occupations"; child = a growing plant, teacher = gardener. | Coined "Kindergarten"; concept of Gifts & Occupations; book The Education of Man |
| Maria Montessori | Montessori Method; prepared environment (पूर्व-नियोजित वातावरण), sensorial materials (इन्द्रिय-प्रशिक्षण सामग्री), self-learning, freedom with discipline, auto-education. | Casa dei Bambini (Children's House); book The Montessori Method |
| John Dewey | Pragmatism (प्रयोजनवाद); "Learning by doing" (करके सीखना); education = life itself, school = a social institution; Project Method base. | Book Democracy and Education; also The School and Society |
| J.H. Pestalozzi | Object Lesson (वस्तु-पाठ) — learning from concrete objects & sense-perception; harmonious development of Head, Heart & Hand (मस्तिष्क, हृदय एवं हाथ). | Book Leonard and Gertrude; "How Gertrude Teaches Her Children" |
| John Amos Comenius | Called the "Father of Modern Education" (आधुनिक शिक्षा के जनक); education for all; teaching through the senses; first picture textbook for children. | Book Orbis Pictus (first illustrated textbook); The Great Didactic |
| William James | Father of American Psychology; pragmatism & functionalism; applied psychology to teaching ("the teacher's art"). | Books Talks to Teachers on Psychology; The Principles of Psychology |
⚠️ Common mistake / आम गलती
- Froebel = Kindergarten & Gifts; Montessori = Prepared Environment & Sensorial materials. Students swap these two — both are early-childhood, but the keywords are different.
- Émile is by Rousseau (naturalism), NOT Dewey. "Democracy and Education" is Dewey's (pragmatism).
- "Father of Modern Education" = Comenius. Do not confuse with Pestalozzi (Object Lesson) or Dewey.
- "करके सीखना" (Learning by doing) = Dewey; "वस्तु-पाठ" (Object Lesson) = Pestalozzi — दोनों अलग हैं।
Philosophies of Education
शिक्षा की प्रमुख विचारधाराएँ — समर्थक एवं शिक्षा का उद्देश्य।
| Philosophy / दर्शन | Key Proponents / प्रमुख समर्थक | Aim of Education / शिक्षा का उद्देश्य |
|---|---|---|
| Idealism (आदर्शवाद) | Plato, Socrates, Descartes, Hegel, Froebel | Realisation of higher/spiritual values — Truth, Beauty, Goodness (Satyam–Shivam–Sundaram); development of the soul & character. |
| Naturalism (प्रकृतिवाद) | Rousseau, Herbert Spencer, Tagore | Natural development of the child; self-expression & freedom; education according to the child's nature, not imposed. |
| Pragmatism (प्रयोजनवाद) | John Dewey, William James, Kilpatrick, C.S. Peirce | Useful, practical living & problem-solving; learning by doing; education = continuous reconstruction of experience. |
| Realism (यथार्थवाद) | Aristotle, Comenius, John Locke, Bacon | Knowledge of the real, material world through senses, observation & science; preparation for actual life. |
| Existentialism (अस्तित्ववाद) | Kierkegaard, Sartre, Heidegger, Buber | Self-realisation & individual freedom; "existence precedes essence"; the child chooses, develops own identity & responsibility. |
💡 Exam tip / परीक्षा टिप
For match-the-pairs, anchor each thinker to a single unmistakable signature and you'll never lose marks:
- Rousseau → Émile & negative education
- Froebel → Kindergarten & Gifts
- Montessori → Prepared environment & sensorial material
- Dewey → "Learning by doing" & Democracy and Education
- Pestalozzi → Head, Heart, Hand & Object Lesson
- Comenius → Father of Modern Education & Orbis Pictus
- Gandhi → Nai Talim / Basic (Wardha) Education
- Tagore → Shantiniketan & Visva-Bharati
- Vivekananda → Man-making education
- Aurobindo → Integral education
हर विचारक के साथ केवल एक "पहचान शब्द" रटें — जोड़ी मिलाने वाले प्रश्न में पूरे अंक पक्के।
🧠 Trick for Philosophies / दर्शन की ट्रिक
Remember the one-word aim: Idealism → Values/Soul, Naturalism → Nature/Freedom, Pragmatism → Utility/Doing, Realism → Senses/Real world, Existentialism → Self/Individual. Rousseau & Tagore = Naturalism; Dewey & James = Pragmatism; Comenius & Aristotle = Realism.
Remember this: A thinker can appear in BOTH tables — e.g. Froebel (Kindergarten) is grouped under Idealism, while Rousseau & Tagore are Naturalists, and Comenius sits under Realism yet is also the "Father of Modern Education". Read the question stem carefully to know whether it's asking for the idea, the book, or the philosophy.
एक ही विचारक विचार, पुस्तक और दर्शन — तीनों रूपों में पूछा जा सकता है; प्रश्न ध्यान से पढ़ें।
📜 NEP 2020 · RTE Act & Education Commissions
एनईपी 2020 · आरटीई · आयोग
High-frequency in Current Affairs + Pedagogy for UP-TGT/PGT, KVS, NVS, DSSSB & AWES. Learn the numbers, the article numbers and the chairman names — that's where the marks are. (संख्याएँ, अनुच्छेद और अध्यक्ष के नाम — यहीं से प्रश्न बनते हैं।)
A) NEP 2020 — National Education Policy
राष्ट्रीय शिक्षा नीति 2020 — आज़ाद भारत की तीसरी शिक्षा नीति।
| Fact | Detail (विवरण) |
|---|---|
| Approved | 29 July 2020 by Union Cabinet |
| Replaces | NPE 1986 (modified 1992) — first new policy in 34 years |
| Drafted by | Committee chaired by Dr. K. Kasturirangan (ex-ISRO chief) |
| Ministry renamed | MHRD → Ministry of Education |
| Spending target | 6% of GDP on education (पहली बार कोठारी आयोग ने सुझाया था) |
| GER target | 100% GER in school education (pre-school to Gr-12) by 2030; Higher-Ed GER to 50% by 2035 |
The 5+3+3+4 Curricular Structure
नई संरचना — पुराने 10+2 की जगह। कुल 15 साल (3 साल आँगनवाड़ी/प्री-स्कूल जोड़े गए)।
| Stage (चरण) | Years | Age | Classes / Grades |
|---|---|---|---|
| Foundational (बुनियादी) | 5 | 3–8 | 3 yrs Anganwadi/Pre-school + Class 1–2 |
| Preparatory (प्रारंभिक) | 3 | 8–11 | Classes 3–5 |
| Middle (मध्य) | 3 | 11–14 | Classes 6–8 |
| Secondary (माध्यमिक) | 4 | 14–18 | Classes 9–12 (multidisciplinary, no rigid streams) |
🧠 Trick to remember 5+3+3+4 ages
Ages are cumulative boundaries: 3 → 8 → 11 → 14 → 18. Remember the jumps: first stage is the long one (5 yrs), then two equal 3-yr blocks, then 4 yrs to finish school at 18.
Hindi yaad-trick: "तीन से अठारह" — शुरू 3 साल से, खत्म 18 पर। बीच के पड़ाव 8, 11, 14 — यानी +5, +3, +3, +4. Stage initials = F-P-M-S ("Fun People Make School").
Key Ideas — most asked
सबसे ज़्यादा पूछे जाने वाले बिंदु।
- FLN — Foundational Literacy & Numeracy: top priority; delivered via the NIPUN Bharat mission (launched 2021) (मूलभूत साक्षरता व संख्या-ज्ञान; लक्ष्य 2026–27).
- Mother-tongue / regional language as medium of instruction wherever possible, at least till Grade 5 (preferably till Grade 8) (मातृभाषा माध्यम कक्षा 5 तक). Continues the Three-Language Formula — flexible, no language imposed.
- No rigid streams: no hard separation of Arts / Science / Commerce, curricular / co-curricular, or vocational / academic (कोई कठोर विभाजन नहीं).
- Vocational education from Grade 6 with internship/hands-on exposure (कक्षा 6 से व्यावसायिक शिक्षा).
- Multidisciplinary & holistic; Higher-Ed = single regulator HECI, multiple entry/exit + Academic Bank of Credits (ABC), 4-year UG degree option.
- Board exams made low-stakes (test core competencies, can be split / taken twice); 360° Holistic Progress Card replaces rote marksheet.
Frameworks & bodies to memorise
| Term | Full form / meaning (अर्थ) |
|---|---|
| NCF | National Curriculum Framework — being revised under NEP (incl. NCF for Foundational Stage, 2022) |
| PARAKH | National Assessment Centre (under NCERT) — sets standards/norms for student assessment & boards (समग्र मूल्यांकन हेतु) |
| NIPUN Bharat | National Initiative for Proficiency in Reading with Understanding & Numeracy — delivers FLN |
| 4-yr ITEP | 4-year integrated B.Ed. to be the minimum teacher qualification by 2030 (2030 तक 4-वर्षीय बी.एड. अनिवार्य) |
| NPST / NMC | National Professional Standards for Teachers; National Mission for Mentoring |
⚠️ Common mistake / आम गलती
NEP 2020 is the 3rd education policy (1968 → 1986 → 2020), not the second. Also: the 6% of GDP target was first recommended by the Kothari Commission (1966) — NEP 2020 only reaffirms it. (6% GDP वाला सुझाव सबसे पहले कोठारी आयोग का था।) And NEP is a policy/guideline, not a law — implementation lies with states.
B) RTE Act, 2009
शिक्षा का अधिकार अधिनियम — निःशुल्क व अनिवार्य शिक्षा।
| Point | Detail (विवरण) |
|---|---|
| Full name | Right of Children to Free & Compulsory Education Act |
| Enacted / In force | Passed 2009; came into force 1 April 2010 |
| Constitutional basis | Article 21A — added by the 86th Amendment, 2002; made education a Fundamental Right |
| Age group | 6 to 14 years (elementary, Classes I–VIII) (6–14 वर्ष) |
| EWS reservation | 25% seats in private unaided schools (Class 1 entry) for weaker/disadvantaged groups |
| PTR (Pupil-Teacher Ratio) | Class I–V → 30:1; Class VI–VIII → 35:1 |
RTE prohibits (निषेध)
- Physical punishment & mental harassment (Sec 17) (शारीरिक दंड व मानसिक उत्पीड़न मना).
- Screening procedure for admission & capitation fee (Sec 13) (प्रवेश के समय स्क्रीनिंग व डोनेशन मना).
- Board examinations till completion of elementary education (Class 8) and expulsion / holding back — the "No-Detention Policy" (Sec 16).
- Deployment of teachers for non-educational work (except census, elections, disaster relief).
⚠️ Common mistake / आम गलती — No-Detention amended!
The RTE (Amendment) Act, 2019 diluted the no-detention rule: states may now hold back a child in Class 5 and/or Class 8 if they fail a regular exam + a re-exam (कक्षा 5 व 8 में अब फेल किया जा सकता है). Don't write "no child can ever be detained till Class 8" — that's pre-2019.
💡 Exam tip / परीक्षा टिप
Pair-up trio that's frequently asked together: Article 21A (right) ↔ 86th Amendment 2002 (inserted it) ↔ RTE Act 2009 / w.e.f. 1-4-2010 (the enabling law). Also note Article 45 (Directive Principle) originally promised free education up to 14 — after the 86th Amendment it covers early childhood care & education below age 6, while Article 51A(k) = parent's fundamental duty to provide schooling for ages 6–14.
C) Education Commissions & Committees
प्रमुख शिक्षा आयोग व समितियाँ — चेयरमैन और सिफारिश रटें।
| Commission / Committee | Year | Chairman | Key recommendation (मुख्य सिफारिश) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sargent Plan / Report | 1944 | Sir John Sargent | First all-India scheme; free & compulsory edu (ages 6–14) in 40 years (later cut to 16); pre-Independence blueprint. |
| University Education Commission (Radhakrishnan Commission) |
1948–49 | Dr. S. Radhakrishnan | First commission of free India; on higher education; recommended UGC; 5 Sept (his birthday) → Teacher's Day. |
| Secondary Education Commission (Mudaliar Commission) |
1952–53 | Dr. A. Lakshmanaswami Mudaliar | On secondary education; recommended 3-language formula, multipurpose & diversified courses. |
| Education Commission (Kothari Commission) |
1964–66 | Dr. Daulat Singh Kothari | Most important. Quote: "The destiny of India is now being shaped in her classrooms." Gave 10+2+3 pattern, Common School System, 3-language formula, 6% of GDP on education. |
| NPE 1968 (1st National Policy) | 1968 | Based on Kothari report | First national education policy; adopted 10+2+3 & 3-language formula. |
| NPE 1986 (2nd; updated 1992) | 1986 | Rajiv Gandhi govt | Operation Blackboard, Navodaya Vidyalayas, NCTE; review by Acharya Ramamurti (1990). Replaced by NEP 2020. |
| Yashpal Committee | 1993 | Prof. Yashpal | Report "Learning Without Burden" — reduce schoolbag/curriculum load & rote learning (बस्ते का बोझ कम करो). |
🧠 Mnemonic — chairman ↔ commission
"Sargent Reads Mud Kept Yash" in date order → Sargent (1944) · Radhakrishnan (1948–49) · Mudaliar (1952–53) · Kothari (1964–66) · Yashpal (1993).
Level trick: Radhakrishnan = Rich/higher (University), Mudaliar = Middle (Secondary), Kothari = Komplete (whole education, all levels). (राधाकृष्णन-उच्च, मुदालियर-माध्यमिक, कोठारी-सम्पूर्ण।)
💡 Exam tip / परीक्षा टिप
The "classrooms" quote, 10+2+3, Common School System and the 6% GDP idea — all four belong to the Kothari Commission (1964–66). If a question lists any of these, the answer is almost always Kothari. (चारों कोठारी आयोग से जुड़े हैं।)
⚡ 60-second revision / आख़िरी मिनट रिवीजन
- NEP 2020 = 3rd policy, 29 Jul 2020, Kasturirangan, replaces NPE 1986, 5+3+3+4 (ages 3-8-11-14-18), 6% GDP, 100% school GER by 2030, vocational from Gr-6, mother-tongue till Gr-5.
- RTE 2009 = Art 21A (86th Amend, 2002), ages 6–14, 25% EWS, w.e.f. 1-4-2010, no detention till Class 8 (diluted by 2019 amendment for Class 5 & 8).
- Kothari (1964–66) = "classrooms" quote + 10+2+3 + 6% GDP; Radhakrishnan (1948–49) = higher edu + Teacher's Day; Mudaliar (1952–53) = secondary; Yashpal (1993) = "Learning Without Burden".
🧑🏫 Teaching Methods · TLM · Assessment
शिक्षण विधियाँ · सहायक सामग्री · मूल्यांकन
This is the core pedagogy toolkit — the most-asked Child Development & Pedagogy (CDP) area in UP-TGT/PGT, KVS, NVS, DSSSB & AWES. (यह भाग हर शिक्षक भर्ती परीक्षा में आता है — विधियाँ, TLM, ICT और मूल्यांकन एक साथ रटें।)
a) Teaching Methods (शिक्षण विधियाँ)
किस विधि का जनक कौन — यह सबसे ज़्यादा पूछा जाता है। नाम + खोजकर्ता + एक-लाइन याद रखें।
| Method (विधि) | Propounder / जनक | Key idea — one line |
|---|---|---|
| Lecture (व्याख्यान) | Traditional | Teacher-centred, one-way; good for large groups, poor for skill/attitude. |
| Demonstration (प्रदर्शन) | — | "Show then tell" — teacher performs, students observe. Best for science/skill. |
| Project (परियोजना) | W. H. Kilpatrick (based on Dewey) | "Learning by doing" — purposeful real-life problem; 4 types: Constructive, Aesthetic, Problem, Drill. |
| Problem-solving (समस्या-समाधान) | Dewey | Define problem → hypothesis → test → conclude. Develops reasoning. |
| Heuristic (अन्वेषण/खोज) | H. E. Armstrong | Child acts as a discoverer/scientist; "Heuriskein" = to discover. Self-learning. |
| Montessori (मॉन्टेसरी) | Maria Montessori | Self-directed activity, sensory-training apparatus, prepared environment (early years). |
| Kindergarten / Play-way (खेल-विधि) | Froebel (Kindergarten); Play-way → Caldwell Cook | Learning through play, songs, "gifts & occupations". Froebel = Father of Kindergarten. |
| Microteaching (सूक्ष्म-शिक्षण) | D. W. Allen & team, Stanford (1963) | Scaled-down: 1 skill, ~5–10 min, 5–10 pupils; teach→feedback→re-plan→re-teach cycle. |
| Team teaching (दल-शिक्षण) | — | Two+ teachers jointly plan & teach one group; pools expertise. |
| Flipped classroom (उलटी कक्षा) | Modern (ICT) | Content at home, practice in class. Lecture watched as video; class time = doubts/activity. |
| Constructivist / 5E | Piaget & Vygotsky base; 5E by R. Bybee (BSCS) | Child constructs own knowledge. 5E = Engage · Explore · Explain · Elaborate · Evaluate. |
Inductive vs Deductive (आगमन बनाम निगमन)
सबसे confusing जोड़ी — दिशा से पहचानें।
| Point | Inductive (आगमन) | Deductive (निगमन) |
|---|---|---|
| Direction | Examples → Rule/Formula | Rule/Formula → Examples |
| Flow | Particular → General (विशेष→सामान्य) | General → Particular (सामान्य→विशेष) |
| Nature | Discovery, slow, builds understanding | Application, fast, ready-made |
| Best for | Teaching a new concept | Practising an established concept |
🧠 Mnemonic / ट्रिक — Inductive = In comes the example first (example pehle, rule baad mein). Pedagogy rule of thumb: Always go Inductive first to teach, Deductive later to drill.
b) Maxims of Teaching (शिक्षण सूत्र)
हर सूत्र का अर्थ = "किस्से किस ओर बढ़ें"। बायाँ हमेशा शुरुआत-बिंदु है।
| Maxim (सूत्र) | Meaning — start where the child already is |
|---|---|
| Known → Unknown | ज्ञात→अज्ञात — link new to what child knows. |
| Simple → Complex | सरल→जटिल — easy items first. |
| Concrete → Abstract | मूर्त→अमूर्त — real objects before ideas (count beads → number). |
| Particular → General | विशिष्ट→सामान्य — instances first, then the rule (inductive spirit). |
| Whole → Part | पूर्ण→अंश — show the full picture, then break it (Gestalt; e.g. whole word → letters). |
| Psychological → Logical | मनोवैज्ञानिक→तार्किक — child's interest/need first (psychological), subject's order (logical) later. |
| Empirical → Rational (bonus) | अनुभव→तर्क — observe/experience, then reason. |
🧠 ट्रिक — सभी maxims में left side = where the learner stands now, right side = where you take them. So teaching always moves from the familiar/easy/real/whole toward the new/hard/abstract/part.
c) TLM, Dale's Cone & ICT (शिक्षण-अधिगम सामग्री व ICT)
TLM = Teaching-Learning Material — पढ़ाने में प्रयुक्त सहायक सामग्री।
TLM types (प्रकार):
- Audio — radio, podcast, audio cassette.
- Visual — chart, model, flashcard, map, blackboard, real objects.
- Audio-Visual — film, TV, smart-class video, animation (most effective).
- Projected vs Non-projected — projector/LCD vs charts & models.
Edgar Dale's Cone of Experience (अनुभव शंकु)
Edgar Dale (1946). Pyramid of learning from concrete (bottom) to abstract (top). (नीचे = असली अनुभव, ऊपर = शब्द/प्रतीक।)
| Level | Band (top→bottom) | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Most abstract (apex) | Verbal symbols → Visual symbols | Words, charts, diagrams |
| Middle | Recordings/Radio → Films → TV → Exhibits → Field trips → Demonstrations | Audio-visual aids |
| Most concrete (base) | Dramatised → Contrived → Direct purposeful experience | Role-play, models, real doing |
💡 Exam tip / परीक्षा टिप — In Dale's cone the base = most concrete (Direct, Purposeful Experience) and the apex = most abstract (Verbal Symbols). "More senses involved → more retention." (आधार सबसे ठोस, शिखर सबसे अमूर्त — उल्टा मत लिखना।)
ICT in Education — Govt Platforms (सरकारी डिजिटल मंच)
कौन-सा पोर्टल किसके लिए — यह सीधा GK/पेडागॉजी प्रश्न है।
| Platform | By | Purpose — remember this |
|---|---|---|
| DIKSHA | MoE (NCERT) | National school e-content platform; QR-coded "Energised Textbooks" for school students & teachers. |
| SWAYAM | MoE | MOOCs for Class 9 → PG; "Study Webs of Active-Learning for Young Aspiring Minds". |
| SWAYAM Prabha | MoE | DTH TV channels (educational telecast) — reaches no-internet areas. |
| PM e-Vidya | MoE (2020) | Umbrella for digital/online education; "One Class–One TV Channel" (PM e-Vidya DTH). |
| OER | UNESCO concept | Open Educational Resources — free, openly-licensed (reuse/remix) learning material. |
| MOOC | — | Massive Open Online Course — open enrolment, unlimited learners (e.g. SWAYAM, NPTEL). |
| NDLI | MoE (IIT Kharagpur) | National Digital Library — single-window digital resources. |
d) Assessment & Evaluation (आकलन एवं मूल्यांकन)
Formative vs Summative की उलझन सबसे ज़्यादा पूछी जाती है — दिशा साफ़ रखें।
| Point | Formative (रचनात्मक) | Summative (योगात्मक) |
|---|---|---|
| When | During learning (continuous) | End of term/unit/year |
| Purpose | Improve learning, give feedback | Judge/grade achievement |
| Type | Assessment FOR learning | Assessment OF learning |
| Examples | Quiz, observation, classwork, project, oral Q&A | Final exam, annual board exam, certificate test |
| Stakes | Low-stakes, diagnostic | High-stakes, final |
⚠️ Common mistake / आम गलती — Students swap these. Formative = improve while teaching (FOR learning); Summative = final judgement (OF learning). A unit test mid-term is formative; the annual exam is summative. (रचनात्मक = सुधार के लिए, योगात्मक = निर्णय के लिए — उलटा मत करना।)
Three lenses of assessment (आकलन के तीन रूप):
- Assessment FOR learning — teacher uses evidence to adjust teaching (formative).
- Assessment OF learning — final measure of achievement (summative).
- Assessment AS learning — student self-assesses & reflects; builds metacognition (स्व-मूल्यांकन).
CCE — Continuous & Comprehensive Evaluation (सतत् एवं व्यापक मूल्यांकन)
- Continuous = regular/ongoing (not just one final exam).
- Comprehensive = covers Scholastic (subjects) and Co-scholastic (art, sports, attitude, values).
- Backed by RTE Act 2009 (no-detention spirit; later amended in 2019 allowing detention from Class 5/8 as per state).
Bloom's Taxonomy — Objective writing (उद्देश्य लेखन)
Benjamin Bloom (1956); revised by Anderson & Krathwohl (2001). Three domains: Cognitive (head/ज्ञान), Affective (heart/भाव), Psychomotor (hand/क्रिया).
| Original (1956) | Revised (2001) — verb form, low→high |
|---|---|
| Knowledge | Remember (स्मरण) |
| Comprehension | Understand (समझ) |
| Application | Apply (अनुप्रयोग) |
| Analysis | Analyse (विश्लेषण) |
| Synthesis | Evaluate (मूल्यांकन) |
| Evaluation | Create (सृजन — highest) |
🧠 ट्रिक — Revised Bloom order: R-U-A-A-E-C → "Remember, Understand, Apply, Analyse, Evaluate, Create". Big change: top level became Create (not Evaluate), and nouns became verbs.
Modern assessment tools (आधुनिक उपकरण):
- Rubric — scoring guide with criteria + levels; makes marking objective & transparent. (अंकन-मापदंड)
- Portfolio — purposeful collection of a student's work over time → shows growth. (कार्य-संचयिका)
- Anecdotal record / checklist / rating scale — observation-based tools.
NEP 2020 — PARAKH & Competency-Based Assessment (योग्यता-आधारित मूल्यांकन)
- PARAKH = Performance Assessment, Review, and Analysis of Knowledge for Holistic development — the national assessment body/standard-setter under NCERT.
- NEP shifts from rote/summative → competency-based, formative, holistic assessment (tests application & conceptual understanding, not memorisation).
- Holistic Progress Card (HPC) — 360° report: self + peer + teacher + parent assessment.
- Board exams to test core capacities, made "easier" & offered twice a year.
💡 Exam tip / परीक्षा टिप — Don't confuse the three "M" words: Measurement = assigning numbers (quantitative), Assessment = gathering evidence of learning, Evaluation = value-judgement/decision using that evidence. (मापन = संख्या, आकलन = साक्ष्य, मूल्यांकन = निर्णय।)
e) Classroom Management & Inclusive Education (कक्षा-प्रबंधन व समावेशी शिक्षा)
समावेशी शिक्षा = सभी बच्चे (दिव्यांग सहित) एक ही सामान्य कक्षा में साथ पढ़ें।
Integration vs Inclusion (एकीकरण बनाम समावेशन)
- Integrated Education (IED) — child with special needs adjusts to the regular school. (बच्चा स्कूल के अनुसार ढलता है।)
- Inclusive Education — the school/system adapts to suit every child; "no child is excluded". (स्कूल बच्चे के अनुसार ढलता है — यही आधुनिक/सही दृष्टिकोण।)
- Backed by RTE 2009, RPwD Act 2016 (21 disabilities), and NEP 2020 (equity & inclusion).
Specific Learning Disabilities (SLD) (विशिष्ट अधिगम अक्षमताएँ)
SLD children have average/above-average intelligence but a specific processing difficulty — not a result of low IQ or poor teaching.
| Disability | Difficulty in (किसमें कठिनाई) | Memory hook |
|---|---|---|
| Dyslexia | Reading — letters/words reversed or jumbled (पढ़ना) | "lex" = words → reading |
| Dysgraphia | Writing — handwriting, spelling, spacing (लिखना) | "graph" = writing |
| Dyscalculia | Maths — numbers, calculation, time (गणित) | "calc" = calculation |
| Dyspraxia (bonus) | Motor coordination / movement (गति-समन्वय) | "praxis" = action |
Gifted children (प्रतिभाशाली बच्चे) — IQ usually above ~130; curious, fast learners, creative.
- Enrichment — deeper/wider tasks at the same grade. (समृद्धीकरण)
- Acceleration — skipping a grade / faster pace. (त्वरण)
- Risk if ignored: boredom, underachievement, indiscipline.
Classroom management — quick principles (कक्षा-प्रबंधन)
- Proactive > reactive — prevent indiscipline by good planning & engagement.
- Clear rules + consistency + positive reinforcement (praise good behaviour).
- Democratic style works best; avoid purely autocratic or laissez-faire.
- Discipline should be self-discipline, not fear-based punishment.
⚠️ Common mistake / आम गलती — Learning disabilities are NOT mental retardation or low intelligence. A dyslexic child can be brilliant; the issue is a specific processing gap. (अधिगम अक्षमता = मंद-बुद्धि नहीं — बच्चे की बुद्धि सामान्य या अधिक होती है।)
💡 Exam tip / परीक्षा टिप — NCF emphasises: child-centred & constructivist learning, "learning without burden", connecting knowledge to life outside school, examination reform, and an inclusive classroom. NCF 2005 (school) & the new NCF-SE 2023 (under NEP 2020) are the key documents — quote the year if the question is board-specific. (NCF = राष्ट्रीय पाठ्यचर्या की रूपरेखा — रटने पर नहीं, समझ-निर्माण पर ज़ोर।)
⚡ Last-minute one-liners (अंतिम समय रिवीजन)
| Q (one line) | A |
|---|---|
| Father of Project method | W. H. Kilpatrick |
| Heuristic method propounder | H. E. Armstrong |
| Father of Kindergarten | F. Froebel |
| Microteaching originated at | Stanford University (D. W. Allen) |
| Cone of Experience given by | Edgar Dale |
| Highest level of revised Bloom | Create |
| Assessment FOR learning = | Formative |
| National assessment body under NEP | PARAKH (NCERT) |
| QR-coded "Energised Textbooks" platform | DIKSHA |
| Difficulty in maths = | Dyscalculia |
यह सेक्शन UP-TGT/PGT, KVS, NVS, DSSSB व AWES — सभी के CDP/पेडागॉजी भाग के लिए समान रूप से उपयोगी है।
🧠 PGT Advanced Pedagogy & Research Aptitude
पीजीटी उन्नत शिक्षाशास्त्र एवं शोध अभिवृत्ति
💡 Exam tip / परीक्षा टिप — PGT pedagogy questions go one level deeper than the shared CDP basics: senior-secondary (adolescent) psychology, learning theories applied to +2 / classes 11–12, plus a touch of (मापन/measurement) & (शोध/research) aptitude that overlaps with UGC-NET Paper-1. UP-PGT carries the Pedagogy section explicitly; KVS/NVS Tier-1 has "Perspectives on Education & Leadership". Master this section and you cover both.
A. Adolescent (Senior-Secondary) Psychology किशोरावस्था मनोविज्ञान
किशोरावस्था (11–19 वर्ष) = "तूफान और तनाव" का काल; पहचान, समायोजन और मार्गदर्शन यहाँ सबसे ज़रूरी हैं।
Adolescence (किशोरावस्था) ≈ 11/12 to 18/19 years. G. Stanley Hall called it the period of "storm and stress" / "sturm und drang" (तूफान एवं तनाव). This is the core age-group a PGT teaches (classes 11–12).
| Domain (क्षेत्र) | Key characteristic of the adolescent |
|---|---|
| Physical (शारीरिक) | Puberty, growth spurt, rapid hormonal & sexual maturation; body-image concern. |
| Cognitive (संज्ञानात्मक) | Piaget's Formal Operational stage — abstract, hypothetical & deductive reasoning matures. |
| Emotional (संवेगात्मक) | Heightened, fluctuating emotions; idealism; mood swings; need for independence. |
| Social (सामाजिक) | Strong peer-group influence; hero-worship; revolt against authority; career & vocational interest. |
| Identity (पहचान) | Erik Erikson: central crisis = Identity vs. Role Confusion. Failure → identity diffusion. |
⚠️ Common mistake / आम गलती — Don't confuse the theorists. Hall = "storm & stress"; Erikson = "identity vs. role confusion" (his 5th psychosocial stage); Piaget = "formal operational" (cognitive). All three describe the same adolescent age but from different angles.
Adjustment, Stress & Mental Health समायोजन एवं तनाव
- Adjustment (समायोजन) = a continuous process of balancing one's needs with the demands of the environment. Good adjustment → well-being; failure → maladjustment.
- Defence mechanisms (रक्षा युक्तियाँ — Freud): repression, projection, rationalisation, sublimation, displacement, regression, reaction-formation, compensation, identification. (सब्लिमेशन = स्वस्थ; बाकी अधिकतर असामान्य रक्षा)
- Frustration & Conflict: types of conflict — approach–approach, avoidance–avoidance, approach–avoidance (Kurt Lewin).
- Stress (तनाव): exam stress, peer pressure, career anxiety. Coping = problem-focused & emotion-focused; teacher's role = create a safe, supportive classroom climate.
Guidance & Counselling निर्देशन एवं परामर्श
निर्देशन = व्यापक मार्गदर्शन; परामर्श = व्यक्तिगत, गोपनीय, आमने-सामने सहायता।
| Guidance (निर्देशन) | Counselling (परामर्श) |
|---|---|
| Broad; can be group or individual; gives information & direction. | Narrower; usually one-to-one; deals with personal/emotional problems. |
| Types: Educational, Vocational, Personal/Social. | Types: Directive (Williamson), Non-directive (Carl Rogers), Eclectic. |
| Less confidential, advisory. | Confidential, empathetic, client-centred. |
Individual Differences वैयक्तिक भिन्नताएँ
- Students differ in intelligence, aptitude, interest, attitude, personality, learning style, SES (सामाजिक-आर्थिक स्थिति).
- Teacher's response = differentiated instruction (विभेदित शिक्षण), remedial teaching, enrichment for gifted, inclusion for CWSN (दिव्यांग/विशेष आवश्यकता वाले बच्चे).
- Study habits / study skills (अध्ययन आदतें): spaced practice > cramming; SQ3R (Survey, Question, Read, Recite, Review); time-table, active recall, self-testing.
B. Advanced Learning Concepts अधिगम की उन्नत अवधारणाएँ
Transfer of Learning अधिगम का स्थानांतरण
एक स्थिति में सीखी बात का दूसरी स्थिति पर प्रभाव।
| Type | Effect on new learning |
|---|---|
| Positive (धनात्मक) | Prior learning helps new learning (e.g., maths helps physics). |
| Negative (ऋणात्मक) | Prior learning hinders new learning (old habit interferes). |
| Zero (शून्य) | No effect either way. |
Memory & Forgetting स्मृति एवं विस्मरण
- Memory stages: Sensory → Short-Term (Working) Memory → Long-Term Memory (Atkinson–Shiffrin model). STM capacity ≈ 7 ± 2 items (Miller).
- Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve (विस्मरण वक्र): forgetting is fastest right after learning, then slows; combated by spaced repetition & overlearning (अधिगम का दोहराव).
- Theories of forgetting: Trace decay, Interference (proactive & retroactive), Retrieval failure, Motivated forgetting (repression).
🧠 Mnemonic — Ebbinghaus — Remember "FAST then FLAT": forgetting drops FAST in the first hour/day, then the curve goes FLAT. Each spaced review re-flattens the curve higher up.
Motivation Theories अभिप्रेरणा सिद्धांत
अभिप्रेरणा = वह आंतरिक/बाह्य शक्ति जो व्यवहार को दिशा एवं ऊर्जा देती है।
| Theorist | Core idea — remember this |
|---|---|
| Maslow | Hierarchy of Needs (5 levels): Physiological → Safety → Love/Belonging → Esteem → Self-Actualisation. Lower needs first. |
| Herzberg | Two-Factor theory: Hygiene factors (prevent dissatisfaction) vs Motivators (achievement, recognition → real satisfaction). |
| McClelland | Need theory: need for Achievement (nAch), Power (nPow), Affiliation (nAff). |
| Atkinson | Achievement Motivation: behaviour = balance of hope of success vs fear of failure. |
| Type | Intrinsic (आंतरिक) motivation is more lasting than Extrinsic (बाह्य) (rewards/marks). |
Group Dynamics & Classroom Leadership समूह गतिकी एवं नेतृत्व
- Group dynamics (समूह गतिकी — Kurt Lewin): how individuals behave & influence one another in a group; sociometry maps peer relations.
- Leadership styles (Lewin): Autocratic (निरंकुश), Democratic (लोकतांत्रिक — best for learning), Laissez-faire (अहस्तक्षेप).
- A democratic teacher-leader → higher motivation, cooperation & class cohesion than an autocratic one.
C. Educational Measurement & Statistics Basics शैक्षिक मापन एवं सांख्यिकी
यह भाग UGC-NET से ओवरलैप करता है — PGT/लेक्चररशिप के लिए महत्वपूर्ण।
Qualities of a Good Test अच्छे परीक्षण के गुण
| Quality | Means |
|---|---|
| Reliability (विश्वसनीयता) | Consistency — same result on repeat. Methods: test–retest, parallel-form, split-half, KR-20/21. |
| Validity (वैधता) | Accuracy — does it measure what it claims? Types: content, construct, criterion (concurrent & predictive). |
| Objectivity (वस्तुनिष्ठता) | Scoring is free of examiner bias — different scorers give the same marks. |
| Norms (मानक) | Reference standard (avg performance of a defined group) to interpret a score. |
🧠 Mnemonic — Reliability vs Validity — "R = Repeat, V = Right target." A clock that's always 5 min fast is Reliable (consistent) but not Valid (wrong time). 👉 A valid test is always reliable, but a reliable test is NOT necessarily valid. Validity is the more important quality.
Statistics — Central Tendency & Spread केंद्रीय प्रवृत्ति
| Measure | Definition / remember |
|---|---|
| Mean (माध्य) | Arithmetic average = Σx ÷ N. Affected by extreme values (outliers). |
| Median (माध्यिका) | The middle value when data are ordered. Best for skewed data; not affected by extremes. |
| Mode (बहुलक) | Most frequently occurring value. Only measure usable for nominal data. |
- Normal Distribution (सामान्य वितरण): bell-shaped, symmetrical curve. In a perfectly normal curve Mean = Median = Mode and all coincide at the centre.
- Empirical rule: ~68% of scores fall within ±1 SD, ~95% within ±2 SD, ~99.7% within ±3 SD.
- Skewness: Positive skew → tail to the right, Mean > Median > Mode; Negative skew → reverse.
- Percentile (शतमक): a score's rank position — e.g. P₆₀ means 60% of the group scored below it. (Used in competitive-exam scoring.)
- Correlation (सहसंबंध): relationship between two variables; coefficient r ranges −1 to +1. +1 = perfect positive, −1 = perfect negative, 0 = no relation. (Pearson's r for interval data; Spearman's ρ for ranks.)
⚠️ Common mistake / आम गलती — Correlation ≠ causation (सहसंबंध का अर्थ कारण नहीं). A high r only shows two things move together, not that one causes the other. Also: a negative correlation is still a strong relationship if r is near −1 — students wrongly call it "weak".
D. Research Aptitude (Lite) शोध अभिवृत्ति
PGT + लेक्चररशिप/NET के लिए उपयोगी — मूल शोध शब्दावली।
| Term | Quick definition |
|---|---|
| Types of research | Basic / Fundamental (theory), Applied (solves real problems), Action research (क्रियात्मक — teacher solving own classroom problem), Descriptive, Experimental, Historical. |
| Hypothesis (परिकल्पना) | A tentative, testable statement. Null hypothesis (H₀) = "no difference / no relation"; Alternative (H₁) = there is one. |
| Variables (चर) | Independent (cause, manipulated), Dependent (effect, measured), Extraneous/controlled (to be held constant). |
| Sampling (प्रतिचयन) | Probability (random, stratified, systematic, cluster) vs Non-probability (purposive, quota, convenience, snowball). |
| Tools (उपकरण) | Questionnaire, interview, observation, rating scale, test, checklist; data = primary (first-hand) or secondary. |
💡 Exam tip / परीक्षा टिप — For a teacher, Action Research (क्रियात्मक अनुसंधान) is the most "teaching-relevant" type — the teacher studies and improves their own classroom practice in a cycle: Plan → Act → Observe → Reflect. NET/PGT love this distinction.
E. ICT, NEP 2020 & 21st-Century Skills at +2 आईसीटी, एनईपी एवं 21वीं सदी के कौशल
सीनियर-सेकंडरी स्तर पर तकनीक, योग्यता-आधारित एवं अनुभवात्मक अधिगम।
- ICT in education (सूचना एवं संचार प्रौद्योगिकी): blended learning, LMS, smart classes, OERs, flipped classroom; Govt platforms — DIKSHA, SWAYAM, PM e-VIDYA, NROER.
- 21st-century "4 C's": Critical thinking, Communication, Collaboration, Creativity (some frameworks add Citizenship & Character).
- Competency-Based Education (CBE) (योग्यता-आधारित शिक्षा): learning outcomes & competencies over rote marks; assessment is for learning, not just of learning.
- Experiential learning (अनुभवात्मक अधिगम — Kolb's cycle): Concrete Experience → Reflective Observation → Abstract Conceptualisation → Active Experimentation. Projects, labs, internships, fieldwork at +2.
NEP 2020 — Senior-Secondary Vision एनईपी 2020
| NEP 2020 feature | What it means for classes 11–12 (PGT) |
|---|---|
| 5+3+3+4 structure | Senior-secondary = the final "4" (classes 9–12) stage — multidisciplinary, with flexible subject choice (no rigid Science/Arts/Commerce streams). |
| Holistic Progress Card | 360° report — self, peer & teacher assessment; replaces marks-only cards. |
| Competency & HOTS focus | Reduce rote learning; promote higher-order thinking, conceptual clarity & application. |
| Vocational & multilingual | Vocational exposure from class 6; mother-tongue/regional language encouraged. |
| NCF & teacher autonomy | National Curriculum Framework guides flexible, ICT-integrated, learner-centred pedagogy. |
💡 Exam tip / परीक्षा टिप — A PGT-pedagogy MCQ often hides the answer in Bloom's Taxonomy (revised): Remember → Understand → Apply → Analyse → Evaluate → Create. NEP & CBE push teaching toward the higher verbs (Analyse/Evaluate/Create). If a question asks "which promotes higher-order thinking", pick the Create / Evaluate level activity.
⚡ 60-Second Recap अंतिम क्षण रिवीज़न
- Adolescence = Hall's "storm & stress"; Erikson's identity vs role confusion; Piaget's formal operational.
- Ebbinghaus = forgetting drops FAST then FLAT → fix with spaced repetition.
- Motivation: Maslow=hierarchy, Herzberg=two-factor, McClelland=nAch/nPow/nAff.
- Reliability = consistent; Validity = accurate (more important); valid ⇒ reliable, not vice-versa.
- Mean hit by outliers; Median best for skewed data; in normal curve Mean=Median=Mode; r ranges −1 to +1.
- Action research = teacher's own classroom; H₀ = no difference; IV=cause, DV=effect.
- NEP 2020: 5+3+3+4, competency-based, experiential, ICT (DIKSHA/SWAYAM), 4 C's, HOTS.
याद रखें: पीजीटी का शिक्षाशास्त्र डिग्री-स्तर का होता है — किशोर मनोविज्ञान, अधिगम सिद्धांत, मापन/सांख्यिकी एवं एनईपी पर पकड़ बनाएँ, यही UGC-NET में भी काम आएगा।
🌍 Static GK — High-Yield Revision
सामान्य ज्ञान (रटने योग्य)
The most-repeated static facts for the General Awareness section. Scan the tables, memorise the पीले highlights, lock in the mnemonics. (आखिरी समय की रिवीजन — रट लो, समझो मत।)
a) Modern Indian History — Milestones
आधुनिक भारत के मुख्य पड़ाव (साल याद रखना सबसे ज़रूरी)।
| Year | Event / घटना | Remember this |
|---|---|---|
| 1857 | Revolt of 1857 (प्रथम स्वतंत्रता संग्राम) | Started at Meerut (10 May); Mangal Pandey (Barrackpore); last Mughal Bahadur Shah Zafar made symbolic leader. |
| 1885 | Indian National Congress founded (कांग्रेस की स्थापना) | By A. O. Hume; 1st session Bombay; 1st President W. C. Bonnerjee. |
| 1905 | Partition of Bengal (बंगाल विभाजन) → Swadeshi Movement | By Lord Curzon; annulled in 1911. |
| 1906 | Muslim League founded (Dhaka) | — |
| 1911 | Capital shifted Calcutta → Delhi | Delhi Durbar; King George V. |
| 1917 | Champaran Satyagraha (चंपारण सत्याग्रह) | Gandhi's FIRST satyagraha in India; indigo farmers, Bihar. |
| 1919 | Jallianwala Bagh massacre; Rowlatt Act | Gen. Dyer; 13 April, Amritsar. |
| 1920 | Non-Cooperation Movement (असहयोग आंदोलन) | Called off after Chauri Chaura (1922). |
| 1930 | Civil Disobedience / Dandi Salt March (नमक सत्याग्रह) | Sabarmati → Dandi, ~240 km; broke the Salt Law. |
| 1942 | Quit India Movement (भारत छोड़ो) | Slogan "Do or Die" (करो या मरो); Bombay session. |
| 1947 | Independence (स्वतंत्रता) — 15 August | Last Viceroy Lord Mountbatten; Radcliffe Line drawn. |
🧠 Mnemonic — Gandhi's movements in order
Champaran → Non-Cooperation → Civil Disobedience → Quit India = "Chai Nahi, Coffee Quick" (1917 → 1920 → 1930 → 1942).
Champaran → Non-Cooperation → Civil Disobedience → Quit India = "Chai Nahi, Coffee Quick" (1917 → 1920 → 1930 → 1942).
Freedom fighters — one-liners (पहचान)
| Name | Known for / Title |
|---|---|
| Bal Gangadhar Tilak | "Swaraj is my birthright"; Lal-Bal-Pal trio; "Father of Indian Unrest". |
| Subhas Chandra Bose | Netaji; INA / Azad Hind Fauj; "Give me blood, I'll give you freedom". |
| Bhagat Singh | HSRA; Assembly bomb 1929; slogan Inquilab Zindabad; hanged 1931. |
| Sardar Patel | Iron Man; integrated 562 princely states; Bardoli Satyagraha. |
| Lala Lajpat Rai | Punjab Kesari; died after Simon Commission lathi-charge. |
| Rani Lakshmibai | Jhansi; icon of 1857 revolt. |
| B. R. Ambedkar | Chairman, Drafting Committee of Constitution; "Father of Indian Constitution". |
b) Geography — Longest / Largest & Key Facts
भूगोल — सबसे लंबा / सबसे बड़ा और ज़रूरी तथ्य।
| Superlative | Answer |
|---|---|
| Longest river in India | Ganga (गंगा) ~2,525 km |
| Longest river of South India | Godavari (a.k.a. "Dakshin Ganga") |
| Highest peak in India | Kangchenjunga (Sikkim); world's highest = Mt. Everest |
| Largest state (area) | Rajasthan; smallest = Goa |
| Most populous state | Uttar Pradesh |
| Largest freshwater lake | Wular Lake (J&K); largest saltwater = Chilika (Odisha) |
| Highest waterfall | Kunchikal Falls (Karnataka) |
| Largest desert | Thar (थार मरुस्थल), Rajasthan |
🧠 Mnemonic — Tropic of Cancer (23.5°N) passes 8 Indian states
"GMR PJC TWM" → Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh (Rajasthan too), Rajasthan, P… easier line: Gujarat · Rajasthan · MP · Chhattisgarh · Jharkhand · West Bengal · Tripura · Mizoram (W→E).
"GMR PJC TWM" → Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh (Rajasthan too), Rajasthan, P… easier line: Gujarat · Rajasthan · MP · Chhattisgarh · Jharkhand · West Bengal · Tripura · Mizoram (W→E).
Tricky State ↔ Capital (अक्सर उलझाने वाले)
| State | Capital |
|---|---|
| Uttarakhand | Dehradun (winter) / Gairsain (summer) |
| Arunachal Pradesh | Itanagar |
| Mizoram | Aizawl |
| Telangana | Hyderabad |
| Andhra Pradesh | Amaravati |
| Chhattisgarh | Raipur |
💡 Exam tip / परीक्षा टिप
Soil types: Alluvial (जलोढ़) = most fertile, Northern plains, best for wheat/rice. Black/Regur (काली) = Deccan, best for cotton. Red soil = iron-rich. Laterite = heavy rainfall, tea/coffee. Black soil = cotton is the most-asked pairing.
Soil types: Alluvial (जलोढ़) = most fertile, Northern plains, best for wheat/rice. Black/Regur (काली) = Deccan, best for cotton. Red soil = iron-rich. Laterite = heavy rainfall, tea/coffee. Black soil = cotton is the most-asked pairing.
c) Indian Economy — Basics
अर्थव्यवस्था की बुनियादी बातें।
| Topic | Must-know fact |
|---|---|
| Five-Year Plans | 1st (1951–56): agriculture, Harrod-Domar model. 2nd: industry, Mahalanobis model. Total 12 plans; 12th was the last (2012–17); idea borrowed from USSR. |
| NITI Aayog | Formed 1 Jan 2015, replaced the Planning Commission (1950). PM = Chairperson; "National Institution for Transforming India". (योजना आयोग की जगह) |
| RBI | Est. 1935; nationalised 1949; HQ Mumbai. Controls monetary policy: Repo, Reverse Repo, CRR, SLR. Issues all notes except ₹1 (Finance Ministry). |
| GST | Live from 1 July 2017; "One Nation One Tax"; 101st Constitutional Amendment; slabs 0/5/12/18/28%; GST Council headed by Finance Minister. |
| GDP | Gross Domestic Product = value of goods/services within country. India's fiscal year = 1 Apr – 31 Mar. Data: NSO / MoSPI. |
Important Govt Schemes (सरकारी योजनाएँ)
| Scheme | Purpose |
|---|---|
| Jan Dhan Yojana | Financial inclusion — zero-balance bank accounts. |
| Ujjwala Yojana | Free LPG connections to BPL women. |
| Ayushman Bharat (PM-JAY) | Health cover ₹5 lakh/family/year. |
| PM Kisan Samman Nidhi | ₹6,000/year to farmers in 3 instalments. |
| Beti Bachao Beti Padhao | Girl child welfare & education. |
d) Science — Quick Facts
विज्ञान के रटने वाले तथ्य।
SI Units (मात्रक)
| Quantity | SI Unit | Quantity | SI Unit |
|---|---|---|---|
| Force | Newton (N) | Energy/Work | Joule (J) |
| Power | Watt (W) | Pressure | Pascal (Pa) |
| Electric current | Ampere (A) | Resistance | Ohm (Ω) |
| Frequency | Hertz (Hz) | Temperature | Kelvin (K) |
Vitamins & Deficiency Diseases (विटामिन व रोग)
| Vitamin | Chemical name | Deficiency disease |
|---|---|---|
| A | Retinol | Night blindness (रतौंधी) |
| B1 | Thiamine | Beri-beri |
| C | Ascorbic acid | Scurvy (स्कर्वी) |
| D | Calciferol | Rickets (children) / Osteomalacia (adults) |
| K | Phylloquinone | Poor blood clotting |
🧠 Mnemonic — Fat-soluble vitamins
Only A, D, E, K are fat-soluble → remember "All Dogs Eat Kibble". The rest (B-complex, C) are water-soluble.
Only A, D, E, K are fat-soluble → remember "All Dogs Eat Kibble". The rest (B-complex, C) are water-soluble.
Human Body (मानव शरीर)
- Total bones in adult = 206 (शिशु में लगभग 300).
- Largest bone = Femur (thigh); smallest = Stapes (ear).
- Largest organ = Skin; largest internal organ/gland = Liver.
- Universal donor blood = O−; universal recipient = AB+.
- Normal pulse ≈ 72/min; RBC made in bone marrow; haemoglobin carries O₂.
- Total teeth (adult) = 32; pH of blood ≈ 7.4 (slightly basic).
Discoveries & Inventors (आविष्कार)
| Discovery / Invention | Person |
|---|---|
| Gravity / Laws of motion | Isaac Newton |
| Electric bulb | Thomas Edison |
| Telephone | Alexander Graham Bell |
| Radio | Marconi |
| Penicillin | Alexander Fleming |
| Theory of Relativity | Albert Einstein |
| Raman Effect | C. V. Raman (Nobel 1930) |
💡 Exam tip / परीक्षा टिप
Common constants: speed of light ≈ 3 × 10⁸ m/s; speed of sound in air ≈ 343 m/s; g ≈ 9.8 m/s²; atmospheric pressure ≈ 1.013 × 10⁵ Pa. Water: boils 100 °C, freezes 0 °C, max density at 4 °C.
Common constants: speed of light ≈ 3 × 10⁸ m/s; speed of sound in air ≈ 343 m/s; g ≈ 9.8 m/s²; atmospheric pressure ≈ 1.013 × 10⁵ Pa. Water: boils 100 °C, freezes 0 °C, max density at 4 °C.
e) Static Lists — Symbols, Firsts, Days, Awards, Sports
राष्ट्रीय प्रतीक, प्रथम, दिवस, पुरस्कार व खेल।
National Symbols (राष्ट्रीय प्रतीक)
| Symbol | National | Symbol | National |
|---|---|---|---|
| Animal | Royal Bengal Tiger | Bird | Indian Peacock |
| Flower | Lotus | Tree | Banyan |
| Fruit | Mango | Aquatic animal | River Dolphin |
| River | Ganga | Emblem | Lion Capital, Sarnath |
First in India (भारत में प्रथम)
- First President = Dr. Rajendra Prasad; first PM = Jawaharlal Nehru.
- First woman President = Pratibha Patil; first woman PM = Indira Gandhi.
- First Indian (Asian) Nobel laureate = Rabindranath Tagore (Literature, 1913).
- First Indian in space = Rakesh Sharma (1984).
- First Field Marshal = Sam Manekshaw.
Important Days (महत्वपूर्ण दिवस)
| Date | Day | Date | Day |
|---|---|---|---|
| 26 Jan | Republic Day | 15 Aug | Independence Day |
| 5 Sep | Teachers' Day (राधाकृष्णन) | 14 Nov | Children's Day |
| 2 Oct | Gandhi Jayanti | 5 Jun | World Environment Day |
| 8 Mar | Women's Day | 21 Jun | Yoga Day |
Awards — Framework (पुरस्कार)
- Bharat Ratna = India's highest civilian award; order: Bharat Ratna > Padma Vibhushan > Padma Bhushan > Padma Shri.
- Highest gallantry (wartime) = Param Vir Chakra; (peacetime) = Ashok Chakra.
- Nobel Prizes (since 1901): 6 fields — Physics, Chemistry, Medicine, Literature, Peace, Economics. (साहित्य, शांति आदि)
- Dadasaheb Phalke Award = highest in Indian cinema; Jnanpith = highest literary award.
- Oscars (Academy Awards) = highest in world cinema.
Sports — Cups & Terms (खेल)
| Sport | Associated trophy / term |
|---|---|
| Cricket | Ranji Trophy, Duleep Trophy; terms: LBW, googly, yorker, maiden over |
| Hockey (national game tag) | Dhyan Chand Award; terms: bully, penalty corner, dribble |
| Football | Durand Cup, Santosh Trophy; FIFA World Cup |
| Tennis | Wimbledon, Davis Cup; terms: deuce, ace, smash |
| Badminton | Thomas Cup (men), Uber Cup (women) |
| Chess / Golf | Chess: checkmate, gambit · Golf: birdie, eagle, bogey, putt |
⚠️ Common mistake / आम गलती
Hockey is NOT officially declared India's "national game" — there is no official national game (Govt has confirmed this in RTI replies). In exams, pick "no official national game" if that option exists; only mark "Hockey" when the question explicitly asks for the traditionally associated game. Also don't confuse Wular (largest freshwater lake) with Chilika (largest saltwater/lagoon).
Hockey is NOT officially declared India's "national game" — there is no official national game (Govt has confirmed this in RTI replies). In exams, pick "no official national game" if that option exists; only mark "Hockey" when the question explicitly asks for the traditionally associated game. Also don't confuse Wular (largest freshwater lake) with Chilika (largest saltwater/lagoon).
💡 Last-minute revision rule / आखिरी टिप
In Static GK, years, "first/largest/highest", and one-line pairings (vitamin↔disease, scheme↔purpose, state↔capital) are the highest-scoring. Revise these tables twice the night before — they repeat across UP-TGT/PGT, KVS, NVS, DSSSB & AWES. (साल और जोड़े रट लो — यही सबसे ज़्यादा पूछे जाते हैं।)
In Static GK, years, "first/largest/highest", and one-line pairings (vitamin↔disease, scheme↔purpose, state↔capital) are the highest-scoring. Revise these tables twice the night before — they repeat across UP-TGT/PGT, KVS, NVS, DSSSB & AWES. (साल और जोड़े रट लो — यही सबसे ज़्यादा पूछे जाते हैं।)
⚖️ Indian Polity & Constitution
भारतीय राजव्यवस्था एवं संविधान
One of the highest-scoring GA topics across UP-TGT/PGT, KVS, NVS, DSSSB and AWES. (हर परीक्षा में सामान्य ज्ञान में सबसे ज़्यादा पूछा जाने वाला भाग — रटना नहीं, समझना ज़रूरी है।) Master the dates, Articles, borrowed features and amendments below — these are repeat-favourites.
1. Constitution Basics — संविधान की नींव
संविधान सभा ने बनाया, अंबेडकर जी प्रारूप समिति के अध्यक्ष थे।
- Adopted / पारित: 26 November 1949 (now National Constitution Day / संविधान दिवस)
- Came into force / लागू: 26 January 1950 (chosen to honour पूर्ण स्वराज दिवस Purna Swaraj Day, 26 Jan 1930)
- Time taken / लगा समय: 2 years, 11 months, 18 days
- Constituent Assembly / संविधान सभा: formed under the Cabinet Mission Plan, 1946
- President of Assembly / सभा अध्यक्ष: Dr. Rajendra Prasad
- Drafting Committee Chairman / प्रारूप समिति अध्यक्ष: Dr. B. R. Ambedkar (संविधान निर्माता / "Father of the Constitution")
- Constitutional / Legal Adviser: Sir B. N. Rau · First draft prepared by: Drafting Committee (7 members)
- Originally: 395 Articles, 22 Parts, 8 Schedules (अभी ~470 Articles, 25 Parts, 12 Schedules after amendments)
⚠️ Common mistake / आम गलती — Adopted/signed = 26 Nov 1949, but it commenced (came into force) = 26 Jan 1950. "पारित" और "लागू" की तारीख अलग है — परीक्षा में यही उलझाते हैं।
Borrowed Features (उधार ली गई विशेषताएँ — कौन-सी चीज़ किस देश से)
| Feature / विशेषता | Borrowed from / किस देश से |
|---|---|
| Parliamentary Govt, Rule of Law, Single Citizenship, Bicameralism, Writs | Britain / ब्रिटेन |
| Fundamental Rights, Judicial Review, Independence of Judiciary, Impeachment, Preamble idea | USA / अमेरिका |
| Directive Principles (DPSP) | Ireland / आयरलैंड |
| Fundamental Duties, Five-Year Plans | USSR (erstwhile) / रूस |
| Emergency provisions, suspension of FRs during emergency | Germany (Weimar) / जर्मनी |
| Concurrent List, Centre–State trade & commerce, joint sitting of Parliament | Australia / ऑस्ट्रेलिया |
| Federation with strong Centre, residuary powers, appointment of Governors | Canada / कनाडा |
| "Procedure Established by Law" (Art 21) | Japan / जापान |
| Republic, Liberty–Equality–Fraternity ideals | France / फ्रांस |
| Amendment procedure, election of Rajya Sabha members | South Africa / दक्षिण अफ्रीका |
🧠 Mnemonic / याद रखने की ट्रिक — FR & Judicial Review = USA; DPSP = Ireland; Fundamental Duties = USSR; Emergency = Germany. "FR-अमेरिका, DPSP-आयरलैंड, कर्तव्य-रूस, आपातकाल-जर्मनी" — चार रट लो, बाकी तर्क से।
Preamble Keywords (प्रस्तावना के मुख्य शब्द)
Nature of State — S·S·S·D·R: Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic, Republic (संप्रभु · समाजवादी · पंथनिरपेक्ष · लोकतांत्रिक · गणराज्य).
Objectives — JUSTICE (social, economic, political), LIBERTY, EQUALITY, FRATERNITY (न्याय · स्वतंत्रता · समता · बंधुत्व).
- "Socialist", "Secular", "Integrity" were ADDED by the 42nd Amendment, 1976 — not in the original Preamble.
- Preamble begins with "We, the People of India…" (शक्ति का स्रोत = भारत की जनता).
- Berubari Union case (1960): Preamble NOT part of Constitution → Kesavananda Bharati (1973): Preamble IS part of the Constitution.
2. Parts & Key Articles — महत्वपूर्ण अनुच्छेद
परीक्षा में अनुच्छेद संख्या सीधे पूछी जाती है — ये टेबल रट लो।
| Article / अनुच्छेद | Provision / प्रावधान |
|---|---|
| Art 1 | India, that is Bharat, shall be a Union of States (राज्यों का संघ) |
| Art 12–35 | Fundamental Rights (Part III) (मौलिक अधिकार) — justiciable / न्यायालय में लागू |
| Art 14 | Equality before law & equal protection of laws (कानून के समक्ष समानता) |
| Art 15 | No discrimination on religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth |
| Art 16 | Equality of opportunity in public employment |
| Art 17 | Abolition of Untouchability (अस्पृश्यता का अंत) |
| Art 19 | 6 Freedoms — speech, assembly, association, movement, residence, profession (6 स्वतंत्रताएँ) |
| Art 21 | Protection of Life & Personal Liberty (जीवन एवं दैहिक स्वतंत्रता) |
| Art 21A | Right to Education, ages 6–14 (शिक्षा का अधिकार) — added by 86th Amendment, 2002 |
| Art 22 | Protection against arbitrary arrest & detention |
| Art 23–24 | Right against exploitation; ban on child labour below 14 in hazardous work |
| Art 25–28 | Right to Freedom of Religion (धार्मिक स्वतंत्रता) |
| Art 29–30 | Cultural & Educational Rights (minorities) (अल्पसंख्यक अधिकार) |
| Art 32 | Right to Constitutional Remedies — "Heart & Soul of the Constitution" (Ambedkar); 5 writs (संवैधानिक उपचार — संविधान की आत्मा) |
| Art 36–51 | DPSP (Part IV) (राज्य के नीति-निदेशक तत्व) — non-justiciable / गैर-वादयोग्य |
| Art 40 | Organisation of village Panchayats (a DPSP) |
| Art 44 | Uniform Civil Code (a DPSP) (समान नागरिक संहिता) |
| Art 51A | Fundamental Duties (Part IV-A) (मौलिक कर्तव्य) — added by 42nd Amendment, 1976 |
| Art 124 | Establishment of the Supreme Court (उच्चतम न्यायालय) |
| Art 280 | Finance Commission (वित्त आयोग) |
| Art 324 | Election Commission of India (निर्वाचन आयोग) |
| Art 343 | Official Language of the Union = Hindi (Devanagari) (राजभाषा) |
| Art 356 | President's Rule — State Emergency (failure of constitutional machinery) (राष्ट्रपति शासन) |
| Art 368 | Power of Parliament to amend the Constitution (संशोधन प्रक्रिया) |
| Art 370 | Special status to J&K — effectively abrogated on 5 Aug 2019 (जम्मू-कश्मीर विशेष दर्जा — समाप्त) |
The 6 Fundamental Rights (6 मौलिक अधिकार)
| # | Right / अधिकार | Articles |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Right to Equality (समता का अधिकार) | 14–18 |
| 2 | Right to Freedom (स्वतंत्रता का अधिकार) | 19–22 |
| 3 | Right against Exploitation (शोषण के विरुद्ध अधिकार) | 23–24 |
| 4 | Right to Freedom of Religion (धार्मिक स्वतंत्रता का अधिकार) | 25–28 |
| 5 | Cultural & Educational Rights (संस्कृति एवं शिक्षा संबंधी अधिकार) | 29–30 |
| 6 | Right to Constitutional Remedies (संवैधानिक उपचारों का अधिकार) | 32 |
⚠️ Common mistake / आम गलती — The Right to Property is NO longer a Fundamental Right; the 44th Amendment (1978) moved it to Art 300A (a legal/constitutional right). अब संपत्ति का अधिकार मौलिक नहीं, केवल कानूनी अधिकार है। So FRs are now 6, not 7.
🧠 5 Writs / 5 रिट (Art 32) — HC-MP-Q: Habeas Corpus (बंदी प्रत्यक्षीकरण), Certiorari (उत्प्रेषण), Mandamus (परमादेश), Prohibition (प्रतिषेध), Quo-Warranto (अधिकार-पृच्छा).
Fundamental Duties — मौलिक कर्तव्य (Art 51A)
- Added by the 42nd Amendment, 1976 on the recommendation of the Swaran Singh Committee (inspired by USSR).
- Originally 10 duties → the 11th duty (parent/guardian to provide education to child aged 6–14) was added by the 86th Amendment, 2002. अब कुल 11 मौलिक कर्तव्य हैं।
- Duties are non-justiciable (कोर्ट में लागू नहीं होते) — moral obligation on citizens.
3. Important Amendments — प्रमुख संविधान संशोधन
संशोधन संख्या और वर्ष — सीधे प्रश्न आता है।
| Amendment / संशोधन | What it did / क्या किया |
|---|---|
| 1st (1951) | Added 9th Schedule to protect land-reform laws from judicial review |
| 42nd (1976) | "Mini-Constitution" / लघु संविधान — added Socialist, Secular, Integrity to Preamble; added Fundamental Duties (Part IV-A); passed during the Emergency |
| 44th (1978) | Removed Right to Property from FRs → made it a legal right (Art 300A); restored some Emergency safeguards |
| 52nd (1985) | Anti-defection law — added 10th Schedule (दल-बदल कानून) |
| 61st (1989) | Reduced voting age 21 → 18 (मतदान की आयु घटाई) |
| 73rd (1992) | Panchayati Raj — added Part IX & 11th Schedule (पंचायती राज) |
| 74th (1992) | Municipalities / Nagar Palika — added Part IX-A & 12th Schedule (नगरपालिका) |
| 86th (2002) | Right to Education — added Art 21A; added 11th Fundamental Duty (शिक्षा का अधिकार) |
| 101st (2016) | GST — Goods & Services Tax introduced (वस्तु एवं सेवा कर) |
| 103rd (2019) | 10% EWS reservation (Economically Weaker Sections) (आर्थिक रूप से कमजोर वर्ग आरक्षण) |
| 106th (2023) | Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam — 33% reservation for women in Lok Sabha & State Assemblies (महिला आरक्षण) |
🧠 Trick / ट्रिक — 73 = Panchayat (village/गाँव), 74 = Municipality (city/शहर) — both 1992, twins. 86 = Education (Art 21A). 101 = GST, 103 = EWS. "73 गाँव, 74 शहर, 86 शिक्षा" — एक साथ याद करो।
4. Union & State Structure — संघ एवं राज्य संरचना
कार्यपालिका · विधायिका · न्यायपालिका — तीन स्तंभ।
| Office / पद | Key facts / मुख्य तथ्य |
|---|---|
| President / राष्ट्रपति (Art 52–62) | Constitutional head of State; elected indirectly (Electoral College); term 5 years; supreme commander of armed forces |
| Vice-President / उपराष्ट्रपति (Art 63) | Ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha (राज्यसभा का पदेन सभापति) |
| Prime Minister / प्रधानमंत्री (Art 74–75) | Real executive head; leader of the majority party in Lok Sabha; heads the Council of Ministers |
| Parliament / संसद (Art 79) | President + Lok Sabha (Lower House, max 552) + Rajya Sabha (Upper House, max 250) (लोकसभा + राज्यसभा) |
| Lok Sabha / लोकसभा | Directly elected; term 5 years; presiding officer = Speaker (अध्यक्ष); "House of the People" |
| Rajya Sabha / राज्यसभा | Permanent house (never dissolved); members serve 6 years, 1/3 retire every 2 years; "Council of States" |
| Governor / राज्यपाल (Art 153–161) | Constitutional head of a State; appointed by the President (not elected); term 5 years |
| Chief Minister / मुख्यमंत्री | Real executive head of a State; leader of the majority in the Vidhan Sabha |
| Supreme Court / उच्चतम न्यायालय (Art 124) | Apex court at New Delhi; CJI + judges; guardian of the Constitution & judicial review; judges retire at 65 |
| High Court / उच्च न्यायालय (Art 214) | Top court of a State; judges retire at 62 |
Constitutional & Election Bodies (संवैधानिक एवं चुनाव संस्थाएँ)
| Body / संस्था | Article & role / अनुच्छेद एवं भूमिका |
|---|---|
| Election Commission / निर्वाचन आयोग | Art 324 — conducts elections to Parliament, State Legislatures, President & VP |
| UPSC / संघ लोक सेवा आयोग | Art 315 — central recruitment to All-India & Central services |
| CAG / नियंत्रक-महालेखापरीक्षक | Art 148 — audits Union & State accounts; "guardian of the public purse" |
| Finance Commission / वित्त आयोग | Art 280 — recommends Centre–State revenue sharing every 5 years |
| Attorney General / महान्यायवादी | Art 76 — highest law officer of the Union |
💡 Exam tip / परीक्षा टिप — Examiners love FR vs DPSP: FRs (Art 12–35) are justiciable (कोर्ट में लागू) and limit the State; DPSP (Art 36–51) are non-justiciable (कोर्ट में लागू नहीं) and guide the State. अधिकार vs निदेशक तत्व का फर्क हर साल पूछा जाता है।
💡 30-second revision / झटपट दोहराव — 26 Nov 1949 adopted · 26 Jan 1950 enforced · Ambedkar = drafting chair · Rajendra Prasad = Assembly president · 6 FRs · 11 Duties · 42nd = mini-constitution · 73/74 = Panchayat/Municipality · 86th = Art 21A education · Art 32 = soul · Art 356 = President's Rule.
⚠️ Quick traps / झटके वाले प्रश्न
- Preamble: "Socialist & Secular" were NOT original — added in 1976 (42nd).
- Governor is appointed (by President), NOT elected.
- Rajya Sabha is permanent — it is never dissolved.
- FRs are 6, not 7 — Right to Property was removed (44th, 1978).
📕 Hindi Vyakaran (हिंदी व्याकरण)
हिंदी व्याकरण त्वरित संदर्भ
💡 Exam tip / परीक्षा टिप
UP-TGT/PGT, KVS, DSSSB तथा बिहार शिक्षक परीक्षाओं में हिंदी व्याकरण का भाग बहुत स्कोरिंग है — संधि, समास, अलंकार, रस, कारक से लगभग हर साल प्रश्न आते हैं। नियम + उदाहरण रटें, अनुमान न लगाएँ।
1. संधि (Sandhi — Joining)
दो वर्णों के मेल से होने वाले विकार को संधि कहते हैं। मुख्यतः तीन भेद — स्वर, व्यंजन, विसर्ग।
| भेद / Type | परिभाषा (संक्षेप) | उदाहरण |
|---|---|---|
| स्वर संधि | दो स्वरों के मेल से (अ/आ + इ/ई आदि) | विद्या + आलय = विद्यालय; सूर्य + उदय = सूर्योदय |
| व्यंजन संधि | व्यंजन + व्यंजन या व्यंजन + स्वर | सत् + जन = सज्जन; उत् + हार = उद्धार |
| विसर्ग संधि | विसर्ग (ः) + स्वर/व्यंजन के मेल से | निः + चल = निश्चल; मनः + रथ = मनोरथ |
स्वर संधि के 5 उपभेद — दीर्घ (अ+अ=आ : धर्म+अर्थ=धर्मार्थ), गुण (अ+इ=ए : देव+इन्द्र=देवेन्द्र), वृद्धि (अ+ए=ऐ : एक+एक=एकैक), यण् (इ+अ=य : अति+अधिक=अत्यधिक), अयादि (ए+अ=अय : ने+अन=नयन)।
2. समास (Samaas — Compounds)
दो या अधिक पदों के मेल से बने नए पद को समास कहते हैं; पदों को अलग करना विग्रह है। प्रश्न प्रायः "किस पद की प्रधानता" पर आता है।
| भेद | प्रधान पद | उदाहरण (विग्रह सहित) |
|---|---|---|
| अव्ययीभाव | पूर्व पद (अव्यय) | यथाशक्ति = शक्ति के अनुसार; प्रतिदिन = हर दिन |
| तत्पुरुष | उत्तर (बाद वाला) पद | राजपुत्र = राजा का पुत्र; देशभक्ति = देश के लिए भक्ति |
| कर्मधारय | उत्तर पद (विशेषण-विशेष्य भाव) | नीलकमल = नीला कमल; महादेव = महान देव |
| द्विगु | उत्तर पद; पूर्व पद संख्यावाचक | त्रिलोक = तीन लोकों का समूह; नवरात्र = नौ रातों का समूह |
| द्वंद्व | दोनों पद प्रधान | माता-पिता = माता और पिता; राजा-रंक |
| बहुव्रीहि | कोई पद प्रधान नहीं; अन्य अर्थ प्रधान | दशानन = दस हैं आनन जिसके (= रावण); पीताम्बर = पीला वस्त्र जिसका (= कृष्ण) |
🧠 ट्रिक — समास पहचान
"अव्ययी पूर्व, तत्पुरुष उत्तर, द्विगु में गिनती, द्वंद्व में 'और', कर्मधारय में विशेषण, बहुव्रीहि बाहर का अर्थ" — यानी बहुव्रीहि में दोनों पद किसी तीसरे की ओर इशारा करते हैं (दशानन = रावण)। यही द्विगु/कर्मधारय और बहुव्रीहि का अंतर है।
3. अलंकार (Alankar — Figures of Speech)
काव्य की शोभा बढ़ाने वाले तत्व। शब्दालंकार (शब्द पर) — अनुप्रास, यमक, श्लेष; अर्थालंकार (अर्थ पर) — उपमा, रूपक, उत्प्रेक्षा, अतिशयोक्ति।
| अलंकार | पहचान | उदाहरण |
|---|---|---|
| अनुप्रास | एक ही वर्ण की बार-बार आवृत्ति | "चारु चंद्र की चंचल किरणें" |
| यमक | एक शब्द कई बार, अर्थ हर बार अलग | "कनक कनक ते सौ गुनी" (कनक = सोना / धतूरा) |
| श्लेष | एक शब्द एक बार, पर कई अर्थ | "रहिमन पानी राखिए" (पानी = जल/चमक/मान) |
| उपमा | सा/सम/जैसा से तुलना (उपमेय≠उपमान) | "मुख चंद्रमा के समान सुंदर है" |
| रूपक | उपमेय पर उपमान का अभेद आरोप | "चरण-कमल बंदौं हरि राई" (चरण ही कमल) |
| उत्प्रेक्षा | 'मानो / जनु / मनु' से संभावना | "सोहत ओढ़े पीत पट… मानो नीलमणि शैल पर" |
| अतिशयोक्ति | किसी बात को बहुत बढ़ा-चढ़ाकर कहना | "हनुमान की पूँछ में लग न पाई आग, लंका सारी जल गई" |
⚠️ Common mistake / आम गलती
उपमा बनाम रूपक में भ्रम न करें — उपमा में "सा/समान/जैसा" शब्द रहता है (तुलना); रूपक में यह नहीं होता, उपमेय और उपमान एक मान लिए जाते हैं (चरण = कमल)। यमक बनाम श्लेष — यमक में शब्द की आवृत्ति (दोहराव) होती है, श्लेष में शब्द एक बार पर अनेक अर्थ।
4. रस (Ras — 9 Rasas) + स्थायी भाव
काव्य पढ़ने/सुनने से मिलने वाला आनंद रस है। प्रत्येक रस का एक स्थायी भाव होता है। शृंगार को रसराज कहते हैं।
| रस | स्थायी भाव | रस | स्थायी भाव |
|---|---|---|---|
| शृंगार | रति | वीर | उत्साह |
| हास्य | हास | रौद्र | क्रोध |
| करुण | शोक | भयानक | भय |
| वीभत्स | जुगुप्सा (घृणा) | अद्भुत | विस्मय |
| शांत | निर्वेद | (दसवाँ वात्सल्य — स्थायी भाव: वत्सलता/स्नेह) | |
🧠 ट्रिक — 9 रस याद रखें
"श्रृंगार हास्य से करुण वीर, रौद्र भयानक वीभत्स धीर, अद्भुत और शांत" — कुल 9 रस। पारंपरिक 9 के बाद आचार्यों ने 10वें वात्सल्य रस को जोड़ा (परीक्षा में दोनों दृष्टिकोण आ सकते हैं)।
5. छंद (Chhand — Metres)
मात्रा/वर्ण की नियमित गणना वाली पद-रचना। मात्रिक छंदों में मात्राएँ गिनी जाती हैं।
| छंद | संरचना (मात्राएँ) | विशेष |
|---|---|---|
| दोहा | 4 चरण; प्रथम/तृतीय में 13, द्वितीय/चतुर्थ में 11 मात्राएँ | अर्धसम मात्रिक; अंत गुरु-लघु |
| सोरठा | प्रथम/तृतीय में 11, द्वितीय/चतुर्थ में 13 मात्राएँ | दोहे का उल्टा (विलोम) |
| चौपाई | 4 चरण; प्रत्येक में 16 मात्राएँ | सम मात्रिक; अंत में जगण/तगण वर्जित |
याद रखें: दोहा = 13-11-13-11, सोरठा = 11-13-11-13 (बिल्कुल उल्टा), चौपाई = 16-16-16-16। मात्रा गणना — ह्रस्व/लघु (ि, ु, अ) = 1 मात्रा, दीर्घ/गुरु (ा, ी, ू, ए, ऐ, ओ, औ, अनुस्वार, संयुक्त वर्ण) = 2 मात्राएँ।
6. कारक (Kaarak — 8 Cases + विभक्ति)
संज्ञा/सर्वनाम का क्रिया से सम्बन्ध कारक है; उसके चिह्न को विभक्ति / परसर्ग कहते हैं। कुल 8 कारक।
| कारक | विभक्ति चिह्न | प्रश्न / उदाहरण |
|---|---|---|
| 1. कर्ता | ने (या शून्य) | कौन? — राम ने रोटी खाई |
| 2. कर्म | को | किसको? — राम ने श्याम को देखा |
| 3. करण | से, के द्वारा | किससे? — कलम से लिखा |
| 4. सम्प्रदान | के लिए, को | किसके लिए? — गरीब को दान दो |
| 5. अपादान | से (अलगाव) | किससे अलग? — पेड़ से पत्ता गिरा |
| 6. सम्बन्ध | का, के, की, रा, रे, री | किसका? — राम का घर |
| 7. अधिकरण | में, पर | कहाँ? — घर में / छत पर |
| 8. सम्बोधन | हे!, अरे!, ओ! | पुकारना — हे राम! |
⚠️ Common mistake / आम गलती
करण और अपादान दोनों का चिह्न "से" है — अंतर अर्थ का है: करण = साधन/माध्यम ("चाकू से काटा"), अपादान = अलगाव/जुदाई ("गंगा हिमालय से निकलती है")। सम्प्रदान और कर्म दोनों में "को" आता है — सम्प्रदान में "के लिए" का भाव होता है।
7. उपसर्ग व प्रत्यय (Prefix & Suffix)
उपसर्ग शब्द के आगे लगकर अर्थ बदलते हैं; प्रत्यय शब्द के पीछे लगते हैं।
| प्रकार | उदाहरण |
|---|---|
| उपसर्ग (आगे) | प्र + हार = प्रहार; अ + ज्ञान = अज्ञान; परि + भ्रमण = परिभ्रमण; सु + पुत्र = सुपुत्र |
| कृत् प्रत्यय (धातु के बाद) | लिख + आवट = लिखावट; पढ़ + आई = पढ़ाई |
| तद्धित प्रत्यय (संज्ञा/विशेषण के बाद) | मानव + ता = मानवता; अपना + पन = अपनापन; लोहा + आर = लुहार |
8. शब्द-भेद (संज्ञा · सर्वनाम · विशेषण · क्रिया)
| पद | भेद | उदाहरण |
|---|---|---|
| संज्ञा | व्यक्तिवाचक, जातिवाचक, भाववाचक, समूहवाचक, द्रव्यवाचक | गंगा (व्यक्ति), लड़का (जाति), बुढ़ापा (भाव), सेना (समूह), सोना (द्रव्य) |
| सर्वनाम | पुरुषवाचक, निश्चयवाचक, अनिश्चयवाचक, संबंधवाचक, प्रश्नवाचक, निजवाचक (कुल 6) | मैं, तुम, वह; यह/वह; कोई/कुछ; जो-सो; कौन/क्या; स्वयं/आप |
| विशेषण | गुणवाचक, संख्यावाचक, परिमाणवाचक, सार्वनामिक | अच्छा; तीन; थोड़ा/अधिक; यह लड़का |
| क्रिया | सकर्मक (कर्म वाली), अकर्मक (कर्म रहित) | राम रोटी खाता है (सकर्मक); राम हँसता है (अकर्मक) |
याद रखें: जिसकी विशेषता बताई जाए वह विशेष्य (संज्ञा), बताने वाला विशेषण; विशेषण की भी विशेषता बताए तो वह प्रविशेषण (जैसे — "बहुत सुंदर" में "बहुत")।
9. वाच्य व काल (Voice & Tense)
वाच्य (Voice) — 3 भेद
- कर्तृवाच्य — कर्ता प्रधान: "राम पत्र लिखता है"
- कर्मवाच्य — कर्म प्रधान: "राम से पत्र लिखा जाता है"
- भाववाच्य — भाव/क्रिया प्रधान: "मुझसे चला नहीं जाता"
काल (Tense) — 3 भेद
- भूतकाल — बीता समय: "राम ने खाया"
- वर्तमान काल — अभी: "राम खाता है"
- भविष्यत् काल — आगे: "राम खाएगा"
10. पर्यायवाची व विलोम (Synonyms & Antonyms)
| शब्द | पर्यायवाची (समानार्थी) | विलोम (विपरीत) |
|---|---|---|
| सूर्य | रवि, भानु, दिनकर, सूरज, आदित्य, दिवाकर | चंद्र (दिन ↔ रात्रि) |
| जल | नीर, पानी, वारि, अंबु, सलिल, तोय | — |
| गंगा | भागीरथी, मंदाकिनी, देवनदी, सुरसरि | — |
| आदि | प्रारंभ, शुरुआत | अंत |
| ज्ञान | बोध, विद्या | अज्ञान |
| सौभाग्य | अच्छा भाग्य | दुर्भाग्य |
11. मुहावरे व लोकोक्तियाँ (Idioms & Proverbs)
मुहावरा — लाक्षणिक अर्थ देने वाला वाक्यांश (अधूरा वाक्य)। लोकोक्ति — अनुभव-जन्य पूर्ण कहावत।
| मुहावरा / लोकोक्ति | अर्थ |
|---|---|
| अंगूठा दिखाना | साफ़ इनकार करना / मना कर देना |
| आँखों का तारा | बहुत प्यारा / दुलारा |
| नौ दो ग्यारह होना | भाग जाना / चंपत हो जाना |
| घी के दीये जलाना | बहुत खुशियाँ मनाना |
| अब पछताए होत क्या, जब चिड़िया चुग गई खेत (लोकोक्ति) | समय निकल जाने पर पछताना व्यर्थ है |
| नाच न जाने आँगन टेढ़ा (लोकोक्ति) | काम न आने पर बहाना बनाना |
💡 Last-minute revision / आख़िरी दौर
- संधि — विद्या+आलय=विद्यालय; समास — बहुव्रीहi में "तीसरा अर्थ" (दशानन=रावण)।
- अलंकार — उपमा में "जैसा/समान", रूपक में अभेद; यमक=दोहराव, श्लेष=एक शब्द अनेक अर्थ।
- रस 9 + वात्सल्य 10वाँ; शृंगार=रसराज (स्थायी भाव रति)।
- छंद — दोहा 13-11-13-11, सोरठा उल्टा, चौपाई 16×4।
- कारक 8 — "से" का प्रयोग करण व अपादान दोनों में, अर्थ से पहचानें।
📗 English Grammar — Quick Reference
अंग्रेज़ी व्याकरण — UP-TGT/PGT · DSSSB · KVS · NVS के लिए तेज़ रिवीज़न
💡 Exam tip / परीक्षा टिप — DSSSB has negative marking (−0.25) per wrong answer, so don't guess blindly. UP-TGT/PGT have NO negative marking (कोई नेगेटिव मार्किंग नहीं) — so attempt every question. KVS Tier-1 = −1 per wrong. Know your board before you guess.
1. Parts of Speech (शब्द-भेद — 8 प्रकार)
हर शब्द वाक्य में अपना काम (function) बदल सकता है — इसी पर error-spotting के सवाल बनते हैं।
| Part of speech | Hindi (गloss) | Function | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| Noun | संज्ञा | person/place/thing/idea | Ravi, Delhi, honesty |
| Pronoun | सर्वनाम | replaces a noun | he, she, it, they, who |
| Verb | क्रिया | action/state | run, is, seem |
| Adjective | विशेषण | describes a noun | tall, blue, three |
| Adverb | क्रिया-विशेषण | modifies verb/adj/adverb | quickly, very, now |
| Preposition | संबंधबोधक | links noun to rest | in, on, at, between |
| Conjunction | समुच्चयबोधक | joins words/clauses | and, but, because |
| Interjection | विस्मयादिबोधक | sudden emotion | Wow!, Alas!, Oh! |
🧠 Mnemonic / ट्रिक — Remember the 8 with "PAV NAP IC" → Pronoun, Adjective, Verb, Noun, Adverb, Preposition, Interjection, Conjunction. (आठों याद रखने का जुगाड़।)
2. The 12 Tenses (काल — संरचना + उदाहरण)
3 काल (Present/Past/Future) × 4 रूप (Simple/Continuous/Perfect/Perfect Continuous) = 12 tenses। Structure रट लो — हर साल पूछा जाता है।
| Tense | Structure | Example |
|---|---|---|
| PRESENT (वर्तमान) | ||
| Simple | S + V1 (+s/es) | She writes a letter. |
| Continuous | S + is/am/are + V-ing | She is writing a letter. |
| Perfect | S + has/have + V3 | She has written a letter. |
| Perfect Cont. | S + has/have been + V-ing | She has been writing for an hour. |
| PAST (भूत) | ||
| Simple | S + V2 | She wrote a letter. |
| Continuous | S + was/were + V-ing | She was writing a letter. |
| Perfect | S + had + V3 | She had written before he came. |
| Perfect Cont. | S + had been + V-ing | She had been writing for an hour. |
| FUTURE (भविष्य) | ||
| Simple | S + will + V1 | She will write a letter. |
| Continuous | S + will be + V-ing | She will be writing a letter. |
| Perfect | S + will have + V3 | She will have written by 5 PM. |
| Perfect Cont. | S + will have been + V-ing | She will have been writing for an hour. |
⚠️ Common mistake / आम गलती — Stative verbs (know, love, believe, want, seem, contain, belong) are NOT used in continuous form. ❌ I am knowing the answer. ✅ I know the answer.
3. Subject–Verb Agreement (कर्ता-क्रिया मेल)
सबसे ज़्यादा पूछा जाने वाला error-spotting टॉपिक। Subject singular → verb singular; subject plural → verb plural।
• Each / Every / Either / Neither / One of → singular verb. ✅ Each of the boys was present.
• Either…or / Neither…nor / Not only…but also → verb agrees with the nearer subject. ✅ Neither he nor his friends were there.
• Two subjects joined by "and" → plural. BUT if they form ONE idea → singular. ✅ Bread and butter is my breakfast.
• Collective nouns (team, family, jury, committee) → singular when acting as one unit. ✅ The team is winning.
• Uncountable nouns (news, mathematics, physics, furniture, information, scenery, advice) → singular. ✅ The news is good.
• "A number of" → plural but "The number of" → singular. ✅ A number of students are absent. / The number of students is falling.
• Distance, money, time as one amount → singular. ✅ Ten kilometres is a long way.
• "Scissors, trousers, glasses, pliers" → plural verb. ✅ The scissors are sharp.
💡 Exam tip — Beware the "trap phrase" between subject and verb. The verb agrees with the SUBJECT, not the noun closest to it. ❌ The box of chocolates were… ✅ The box of chocolates was… (subject = box, not chocolates). (बीच में आए शब्द से धोखा मत खाओ।)
4. Active ↔ Passive Voice (कर्तृवाच्य ↔ कर्मवाच्य)
Object को subject बनाओ → सही रूप का "be" verb + V3 लगाओ → कर्ता "by" के साथ अंत में।
| Tense | Active | Passive (be + V3) |
|---|---|---|
| Present Simple | writes | is/am/are written |
| Present Cont. | is writing | is/am/are being written |
| Present Perfect | has written | has/have been written |
| Past Simple | wrote | was/were written |
| Past Cont. | was writing | was/were being written |
| Past Perfect | had written | had been written |
| Future Simple | will write | will be written |
| Modal | can/must write | can/must be written |
• Imperative → Let + object + be + V3. ✅ Open the door → Let the door be opened.
• Questions with who → By whom…? ✅ Who broke it? → By whom was it broken?
• No Continuous-Perfect or Future-Continuous passive exists (avoid "is being having been written"). Such tenses are left in active.
5. Direct ↔ Indirect Speech (कथन — प्रत्यक्ष ↔ अप्रत्यक्ष)
Reporting verb past हो तो: tense एक कदम पीछे, pronoun + time/place words बदलो।
| Direct | → Indirect | Time/Place: Direct → Indirect |
|---|---|---|
| am/is/are | was/were | now → then |
| was/were | had been | today → that day |
| V1 (simple present) | V2 (simple past) | tomorrow → the next day |
| V2 (simple past) | had + V3 | yesterday → the previous day |
| will / shall | would / should | here → there |
| can / may / must | could / might / had to | this/these → that/those |
| am/is/are V-ing | was/were V-ing | ago → before |
| has/have V3 | had V3 | tonight → that night |
• Reporting verb changes by sentence type: Statement → said that; Question → asked / enquired; Command → ordered / told; Request → requested; Wish → wished; Advice → advised.
• Yes/No question → join with if/whether. ✅ He said, "Are you ill?" → He asked if I was ill.
• Wh-question → keep the wh-word, change to statement order (no helping-verb inversion, no "?"). ✅ "Where do you live?" → asked where I lived.
• Command/Request → use to + V1 (negative not to + V1). ✅ "Don't go," → told me not to go.
• No tense change if it is a universal truth / habitual fact. ✅ The teacher said that the sun rises in the east.
6. Articles (a / an / the)
a/an = कोई भी एक (अनिश्चित); the = वही खास वाला (निश्चित)। चयन sound पर होता है, spelling पर नहीं।
• a before consonant sound; an before vowel sound. Sound decides, not the letter. ✅ an hour, an honest man, a university, a European, a one-rupee coin, an MLA, an X-ray.
• "the" for: unique things (the sun, the moon), rivers/seas/oceans (the Ganga), mountain ranges (the Himalayas), holy books (the Gita), superlatives (the best), ordinals (the first), newspapers (the Hindu).
• No article before: proper nouns, languages (Hindi), meals (lunch), most diseases, abstract/uncountable nouns used generally (Honesty is the best policy).
⚠️ Common mistake — ❌ He is honest man. ✅ He is an honest man. ("h" is silent → vowel sound). And ❌ an university → ✅ a university ("u" = "yu" → consonant sound).
7. Prepositions — Common Errors (संबंधबोधक)
| Rule | ❌ Wrong | ✅ Correct |
|---|---|---|
| in = months/years/long periods | on 2024 | in 2024 |
| on = days/dates | in Monday | on Monday |
| at = exact time/point | in 5 o'clock | at 5 o'clock |
| married, discuss, resemble = no preposition | discuss about it | discuss it |
| comprise / enter = no "of"/"into" | comprises of | comprises |
| "different from" (not "than") | different than | different from |
| "superior/inferior to" (not "than") | superior than | superior to |
| "between" two, "among" three+ | between the three | among the three |
8. Conditionals (शर्त वाक्य — If clauses)
| Type | Structure | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Zero (facts) | If + present, present | If you heat ice, it melts. |
| First (real future) | If + present, will + V1 | If it rains, I will stay. |
| Second (unreal present) | If + past, would + V1 | If I were rich, I would travel. |
| Third (unreal past) | If + had + V3, would have + V3 | If I had studied, I would have passed. |
⚠️ Common mistake — Never use "will" or "would" inside the if-clause. ❌ If I would have time… ✅ If I had time… Also, in 2nd conditional always use "were" for all subjects: If I were you… (subjunctive).
9. Degrees of Comparison (तुलना के तीन दर्जे)
| Positive | Comparative | Superlative |
|---|---|---|
| tall | taller | tallest |
| beautiful | more beautiful | most beautiful |
| good / well | better | best |
| bad / ill | worse | worst |
| little | less | least |
| many / much | more | most |
| far | farther/further | farthest/furthest |
• Comparative + "than"; Superlative + "the … of/in". Don't double the degree. ❌ more better / most tallest.
• Latin comparatives take "to" not "than": superior, inferior, senior, junior, prior, prefer. ✅ I prefer tea to coffee.
• "than any other" with comparative (singular noun); "the most … of all" with superlative. ✅ He is taller than any other boy.
10. Common Error-Spotting Traps (अक्सर पूछे जाने वाले झांसे)
| Trap | ❌ Wrong | ✅ Correct |
|---|---|---|
| double negative | I don't know nothing | I don't know anything |
| "one of the" + plural noun | one of my friend | one of my friends |
| uncountable + plural | many informations | much information |
| "since" needs perfect tense | I am living here since 2010 | I have been living here since 2010 |
| "the two first" | the two first chapters | the first two chapters |
| "cope up with" | cope up with stress | cope with stress |
| "return back / repeat again" | return back home | return home (redundant) |
| "used to" past habit | I am used to play | I used to play (habit) |
💡 Exam tip for error-spotting — Scan each part in this order: (1) subject-verb agreement, (2) tense consistency, (3) preposition, (4) article, (5) pronoun, (6) redundancy. (इसी क्रम में जांचो — ज़्यादातर गलतियां इन्हीं छह में होती हैं।) If nothing is wrong, the answer is "No error".
11. Vocabulary (शब्दावली)
One-Word Substitutions (एक शब्द)
| Meaning | Word |
|---|---|
| One who studies handwriting | Graphologist |
| One who knows many languages | Polyglot |
| Animal living on land & water | Amphibian |
| Government by the people | Democracy |
| One who cannot read or write | Illiterate |
| A speech with no preparation | Extempore |
| One who eats everything | Omnivore |
| Words written on a tomb | Epitaph |
Synonyms & Antonyms (पर्यायवाची / विलोम)
| Word | Synonym | Antonym |
|---|---|---|
| Benevolent | kind, generous | cruel, malevolent |
| Candid | frank, honest | evasive, secretive |
| Lethargic | sluggish, lazy | energetic, active |
| Abundant | plentiful, ample | scarce, scanty |
| Transparent | clear, lucid | opaque, murky |
Idioms & Phrases (मुहावरे)
| Idiom | Meaning |
|---|---|
| A blessing in disguise | a good thing that seemed bad at first |
| To bite the dust | to fail / die / be defeated |
| To let the cat out of the bag | to reveal a secret |
| To make both ends meet | to manage within one's income |
| To burn the midnight oil | to study/work late into the night |
| Once in a blue moon | very rarely |
Commonly Confused Pairs (अक्सर उलझाने वाले शब्द)
| Pair | Quick rule + example |
|---|---|
| affect / effect | affect = verb (to influence); effect = noun (result). Rain affects crops; it has an effect. |
| its / it's | its = possessive; it's = "it is". The dog wagged its tail. It's raining. |
| your / you're | your = possessive; you're = "you are". |
| their / there / they're | possessive / place / "they are". |
| accept / except | accept = to receive; except = excluding. |
| advice / advise | advice = noun; advise = verb. |
| principal / principle | principal = head/chief; principle = a rule. |
| stationary / stationery | stationary = not moving; stationery = paper/pens. |
| lose / loose | lose = misplace (verb); loose = not tight (adj). |
| than / then | than = comparison; then = time/sequence. |
🧠 Memory trick / याद रखने की ट्रिक — Affect = Action (verb) · Effect = End result (noun). And "stationery" has an "e" like pen/pencil; "stationary" has an "a" like at rest. (दोनों जोड़ी पक्की हो गईं।)
💡 Last-minute board reminder — In UP-TGT the English/Hindi section is one of four; the Concerned Subject carries the highest weightage, so don't over-invest here. In DSSSB & KVS, General English is part of the common section — revise tenses, S-V agreement, voice, narration, and the confused-word pairs first, since those repeat the most. (टेन्स, voice, narration और confused-words सबसे ज़्यादा दोहराए जाते हैं — पहले इन्हें पक्का करो।)
🔢 Reasoning & Quant Formulas
तर्कशक्ति एवं गणित सूत्र — लास्ट-मिनट रिवीजन शीट
💡 Exam tip / परीक्षा टिप — Reasoning & Quant questions are scoring और तेज़ (आसानी से नंबर मिलते हैं). Learn the formulas cold, practise 10-min timed sets, और pen-paper पर rough work साफ़ रखें. इस शीट के सूत्र UP-TGT/PGT, KVS, NVS, DSSSB & AWES — सबके लिए common हैं।
A. Reasoning — Type-wise Solving Tricks (रीज़निंग — प्रकार और ट्रिक)
हर टॉपिक का एक-लाइन "कैसे हल करें" फॉर्मूला नीचे दिया है।
| Type (प्रकार) | One-line solving trick |
|---|---|
| Number Series (संख्या श्रृंखला) | Find the difference of consecutive terms first; if not clear, check ×/÷ pattern, then squares/cubes (1,4,9,16… or 1,8,27…) or +prime (2,3,5,7) pattern. |
| Letter Series (अक्षर) | Convert letters to position numbers A=1 … Z=26; spot the +n / −n jump. Remember EJOTY (5,10,15,20,25) for fast counting. |
| Analogy (सादृश्य) | Identify the exact relation in pair-1 (square, opposite, tool↔worker, part↔whole) and apply the same relation to pair-2. |
| Coding-Decoding (कूट) | Compare given word & code letter-by-letter; note the shift (+/−) in position. For numeric codes, check letter-sum or place value. |
| Blood Relations (रक्त संबंध) | Draw a family tree: ▲=male, ●=female, +/− for generation. Solve the statement from the last word backwards ("…brother of my mother" → start at mother). |
| Direction Sense (दिशा) | Always face North on top. Right turn = clockwise (N→E→S→W). Net displacement of two ⊥ legs = √(a²+b²) (Pythagoras). |
| Syllogism (न्याय वाक्य) | Use Venn diagrams. "Some" = circles overlap; "All A are B" = A inside B; "No A is B" = separate circles. A conclusion is valid only if true in every possible diagram. |
| Seating Arrangement (बैठक) | Linear → row of dashes; Circular → facing centre = left/right reversed; facing out = normal. Place the most fixed clue first, then build outward. |
| Ranking / Order (क्रम) | Total = (rank from top) + (rank from bottom) − 1. People between two ranks = larger − smaller − 1. |
| Calendar (कैलेंडर) | Ordinary year = 1 odd day, Leap year = 2; 100 yrs = 5, 400 yrs = 0. Leap year: ÷4 (centuries ÷400). Use odd days to find the day of week. |
| Clock (घड़ी) | Minute hand = 6°/min, hour hand = 0.5°/min. Angle = |30H − 5.5M|. Hands overlap 22 times in 24 hrs. |
| Odd-One-Out (बेमेल) | Find the common property of 3 items (all primes / all squares / same category); the one breaking it is the answer. |
| Non-Verbal (अशाब्दिक) | Mirror image = left↔right flip (vertical line). Water image = top↔bottom flip (horizontal line). Paper folding/punch: punched holes are symmetric about every fold line. |
🧠 Mnemonic / ट्रिक — Directions clockwise: "News" order → North, East, West, South sit at N-E-S-W. Mirror vs Water: "Mirror = side-side, Water = up-down" (मिरर = बगल पलट, वाटर = ऊपर-नीचे पलट).
B. Quantitative Aptitude — Formula Tables (गणित सूत्र)
1. Percentage ↔ Fraction (प्रतिशत ↔ भिन्न)
ये याद होने पर % के सवाल 10 सेकंड में हल होते हैं।
| Fraction | % | Fraction | % | Fraction | % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1/2 | 50% | 1/6 | 16⅔% | 1/10 | 10% |
| 1/3 | 33⅓% | 1/7 | 14²/₇% | 1/11 | 9¹/₁₁% |
| 1/4 | 25% | 1/8 | 12½% | 1/12 | 8⅓% |
| 1/5 | 20% | 1/9 | 11¹/₉% | 3/4 | 75% |
- x% of y = y% of x (e.g. 8% of 50 = 50% of 8 = 4).
- Increase A by x% then decrease by x% → net loss = x²/100 %.
- If price ↑ by x%, consumption to keep expense same ↓ by x/(100+x) × 100 %.
- Successive % change a & b → net = a + b + ab/100 (sign-sensitive).
2. Profit, Loss & Discount (लाभ-हानि एवं छूट)
| Quantity | Formula |
|---|---|
| Profit / Loss | Profit = SP − CP; Loss = CP − SP (SP=विक्रय, CP=क्रय) |
| Profit % | (Profit / CP) × 100 |
| Loss % | (Loss / CP) × 100 |
| SP from CP | SP = CP × (100 + Profit%)/100 |
| CP from SP | CP = SP × 100/(100 + Profit%) |
| Discount | Discount = MP − SP; Discount% = (Discount/MP)×100 (MP=अंकित मूल्य) |
| SP after discount | SP = MP × (100 − D%)/100 |
🧠 Quick trick — Two articles sold at same SP, one at x% gain & one at x% loss → always a net LOSS = x²/100 % (हमेशा हानि होती है).
3. Simple & Compound Interest (साधारण एवं चक्रवृद्धि ब्याज)
| Item | Formula (P=Principal, R=rate%, T=time) |
|---|---|
| Simple Interest | SI = (P × R × T)/100; Amount = P + SI |
| Compound Amount | A = P(1 + R/100)T; CI = A − P |
| CI half-yearly | A = P(1 + R/200)2T |
| CI quarterly | A = P(1 + R/400)4T |
🧠 Gold trick — For 2 years: CI − SI = P × (R/100)². For 3 years: CI − SI = P(R/100)²·(3 + R/100). (दो साल का अंतर सीधे यह सूत्र देता है — रटो!)
4. Ratio, Proportion & Average (अनुपात-समानुपात एवं औसत)
| Concept | Formula |
|---|---|
| Proportion | a:b :: c:d → a×d = b×c (product of extremes = product of means) |
| Mean proportion of a,b | √(a×b) |
| Average | Sum of items / Number of items |
| First n natural nos. | Sum = n(n+1)/2; Average = (n+1)/2 |
| Avg. speed (equal dist.) | 2xy/(x+y) (harmonic mean of two speeds) |
5. Speed–Distance–Time, Trains, Boats & Streams (चाल, रेलगाड़ी, नाव-धारा)
| Scenario | Formula |
|---|---|
| Basic | Speed = Distance / Time |
| Unit convert | km/h → m/s: × 5/18; m/s → km/h: × 18/5 |
| Train crossing a pole | Time = train length / speed |
| Train crossing platform/bridge | Time = (train + platform length) / speed |
| Two trains — opposite | Relative speed = u + v |
| Two trains — same dir. | Relative speed = u − v |
| Boat downstream | D = b + s (boat + stream speed) |
| Boat upstream | U = b − s |
| Find boat / stream speed | Boat = (D+U)/2; Stream = (D−U)/2 |
6. Time & Work (incl. Pipes) (कार्य-समय एवं नल-टंकी)
- If A does work in x days, 1-day work = 1/x.
- A & B together: time = xy/(x+y) days.
- LCM method (best): total work = LCM of days → efficiency = total/days → add efficiencies.
- M₁D₁H₁/W₁ = M₂D₂H₂/W₂ (men–days–hours–work chain rule).
- Pipes: inlet fills (+), outlet/leak empties (−). Net rate = inlet − outlet; time = 1 / net rate.
⚠️ Common mistake / आम गलती — Time & Work में days को सीधे जोड़ना गलत है (6 + 3 ≠ 9). हमेशा 1-day work जोड़ो, फिर उल्टा करो। (दिन नहीं, काम जोड़ो।)
7. Mensuration (क्षेत्रमिति — क्षेत्रफल, परिमाप, आयतन)
| Shape (आकृति) | Area / Surface | Perimeter / Volume |
|---|---|---|
| Square (वर्ग) | Area = a²; Diagonal = a√2 | Perimeter = 4a |
| Rectangle (आयत) | Area = l×b; Diagonal = √(l²+b²) | Perimeter = 2(l+b) |
| Triangle (त्रिभुज) | Area = ½ × base × height; Heron's = √[s(s−a)(s−b)(s−c)], s=(a+b+c)/2 | Perimeter = a+b+c |
| Equilateral △ | Area = (√3/4)a²; Height = (√3/2)a | Perimeter = 3a |
| Circle (वृत्त) | Area = πr² | Circumference = 2πr; π ≈ 22/7 |
| Cube (घन) | TSA = 6a²; Diagonal = a√3 | Volume = a³ |
| Cuboid (घनाभ) | TSA = 2(lb+bh+hl); Diagonal = √(l²+b²+h²) | Volume = l×b×h |
| Cylinder (बेलन) | CSA = 2πrh; TSA = 2πr(r+h) | Volume = πr²h |
| Cone (शंकु) | CSA = πrl; TSA = πr(l+r); slant l = √(r²+h²) | Volume = ⅓πr²h |
| Sphere (गोला) | Surface = 4πr² | Volume = 4/3 πr³ |
| Hemisphere (अर्धगोला) | CSA = 2πr²; TSA = 3πr² | Volume = ⅔πr³ |
8. Number System — Divisibility & HCF/LCM (संख्या पद्धति)
| Divisible by | Rule |
|---|---|
| 2 | Last digit even (0,2,4,6,8) |
| 3 | Digit-sum divisible by 3 |
| 4 | Last two digits divisible by 4 |
| 5 | Last digit 0 or 5 |
| 6 | Divisible by both 2 and 3 |
| 8 | Last three digits divisible by 8 |
| 9 | Digit-sum divisible by 9 |
| 11 | (Sum of odd-place − even-place digits) = 0 or ÷11 |
- HCF × LCM = Product of the two numbers (a × b).
- HCF (म.स.) = highest common factor; LCM (ल.स.) = lowest common multiple.
- HCF of fractions = HCF(numerators)/LCM(denominators); LCM of fractions = LCM(num)/HCF(den).
9. Algebra Identities (बीजगणित सर्वसमिकाएँ)
| (a+b)² = a² + 2ab + b² | (a−b)² = a² − 2ab + b² |
| a² − b² = (a+b)(a−b) | a² + b² = (a+b)² − 2ab |
| (a+b)³ = a³ + b³ + 3ab(a+b) | (a−b)³ = a³ − b³ − 3ab(a−b) |
| a³ + b³ = (a+b)(a²−ab+b²) | a³ − b³ = (a−b)(a²+ab+b²) |
| a³ + b³ + c³ − 3abc = (a+b+c)(a²+b²+c² − ab−bc−ca); if a+b+c=0 → a³+b³+c³ = 3abc | |
10. Trigonometry — Ratios & Standard Values (त्रिकोणमिति)
Ratios (right triangle): sin θ = P/H, cos θ = B/H, tan θ = P/B — (P=लंब, B=आधार, H=कर्ण). Mnemonic: "Pandit Badri Prasad / Har Har Bole" → P/H, B/H, P/B.
| θ → | 0° | 30° | 45° | 60° | 90° |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| sin | 0 | 1/2 | 1/√2 | √3/2 | 1 |
| cos | 1 | √3/2 | 1/√2 | 1/2 | 0 |
| tan | 0 | 1/√3 | 1 | √3 | ∞ (∄) |
- Identities: sin²θ + cos²θ = 1; 1 + tan²θ = sec²θ; 1 + cot²θ = cosec²θ.
- tan θ = sin θ/cos θ; cot θ = 1/tan θ; sec θ = 1/cos θ; cosec θ = 1/sin θ.
🧠 Memory hack for sin table — Write 0,1,2,3,4 → take √(x)/2 → gives sin 0°,30°,45°,60°,90° = 0, ½, 1/√2, √3/2, 1. cos = same list reversed. (साइन की वैल्यू उलटी कर दो = कोसाइन।)
💡 Last-minute strategy / आख़िरी रणनीति — UP-TGT/PGT & KVS में negative marking का ध्यान रखो: UP-TGT/PGT में negative नहीं है — हर सवाल attempt करो; KVS Tier-1 (−1) & DSSSB/AWES (−0.25) में तुक्का तभी मारो जब 2 ऑप्शन pakke से eliminate हों। पहले easy formula-based सवाल हल करो, लंबी calculation बाद के लिए छोड़ो।
📚 PGT Subject Strategy
पीजीटी विषय रणनीति (कक्षा 11-12)
PGT (Post Graduate Teacher) यानी आप कक्षा 11-12 पढ़ाएँगे, इसलिए विषय का पेपर post-graduation depth (स्नातकोत्तर स्तर की गहराई) का होता है — graduation/honours और PG स्तर तक। Concerned Subject सबसे ज़्यादा weightage रखता है। साथ में senior-secondary pedagogy (उस विषय को 11-12 में कैसे पढ़ाएँ) भी पूछा जाता है।
एक लाइन में: PGT पेपर = विषय की गहराई (depth) + उसी विषय की शिक्षण विधि (pedagogy)। केवल NCERT काफी नहीं — पर NCERT छोड़ना भी सबसे बड़ी गलती है।
| Subject / विषय | High-weight topics (degree level) | Best sources (NCERT 11-12 first) | 1-line strategy |
|---|---|---|---|
| English | Grammar & usage, literary movements & periods, figures of speech, phonetics, prose/poetry/drama analysis, literary criticism | NCERT 11-12 (Hornbill, Snapshots, Flamingo, Vistas) → Wren & Martin → M.H. Abrams A Glossary of Literary Terms, Norton/Trinity history of Eng. lit. | Grammar accuracy must be near-100%; memorise author–work–era timelines. |
| Hindi (हिंदी) | व्याकरण, काल-विभाजन (आदिकाल–आधुनिक काल), रस-छंद-अलंकार, प्रमुख कवि-रचनाएँ, अपठित गद्यांश | NCERT 11-12 (आरोह, वितान) → हिंदी साहित्य का इतिहास — आचार्य रामचंद्र शुक्ल → व्याकरण: कामता प्रसाद गुरु | साहित्य का काल-क्रम और कवि-रचना याद करें; अलंकार-रस के उदाहरण रटें। |
| Sanskrit (संस्कृत) | व्याकरण (सन्धि, समास, कारक, धातुरूप, शब्दरूप), छन्द-अलंकार, प्रमुख ग्रन्थ व कवि, अनुवाद | NCERT/CBSE 11-12 संस्कृत → लघुसिद्धान्तकौमुदी → संस्कृत साहित्य का इतिहास (बलदेव उपाध्याय) | व्याकरण के रूप (table) रोज़ दोहराएँ; यही सबसे scoring भाग है। |
| Mathematics (गणित) | Calculus, algebra, vectors & 3D geometry, trigonometry, probability, linear algebra/matrices, differential equations | NCERT 11-12 → R.D. Sharma → degree texts: Shanti Narayan (calculus/analysis), Krishna series | Concept + speed; solve PYQs daily — accuracy beats reading here. |
| Physics (भौतिकी) | Mechanics, electrodynamics, optics, modern physics, thermodynamics, semiconductors, electromagnetic waves | NCERT 11-12 (gold standard) → H.C. Verma → degree: D.C. Pandey, Resnick-Halliday | Master derivations + numerical units; NCERT lines often come verbatim. |
| Chemistry (रसायन) | Physical (mole, thermo, equilibrium, electrochem), Organic (named reactions, mechanisms), Inorganic (periodicity, coordination, p/d-block) | NCERT 11-12 (esp. Inorganic) → degree: O.P. Tandon, Morrison & Boyd (Organic), J.D. Lee (Inorganic) | Inorganic = NCERT direct; Organic = mechanisms; Physical = practice numericals. |
| Biology (जीव विज्ञान) | Genetics & molecular biology, cell biology, human physiology, plant physiology, ecology, biotechnology, evolution | NCERT 11-12 (most direct source) → degree: Verma & Agarwal (Botany/Zoology), Lehninger (Biochem) | NCERT line-by-line; diagrams + terminology are heavily asked. |
| History (इतिहास) | Ancient–Medieval–Modern India, world history, historiography, art & culture, freedom struggle, sources | NCERT 11-12 (Themes in World/Indian History) → R.S. Sharma, Satish Chandra, Bipan Chandra, Spectrum (Modern) | Build chronology timelines; dates, dynasties, treaties must be exact. |
| Geography (भूगोल) | Physical geography, climatology, geomorphology, human/economic geo, Indian geography, maps, geographical thought | NCERT 11-12 (Fundamentals of Physical/Human Geo) → G.C. Leong, Majid Husain, Savindra Singh | Map work + diagrams; link concepts to current geo-events. |
| Political Science (राजनीति विज्ञान) | Political theory, Indian Constitution & polity, comparative politics, IR, public administration, political thinkers | NCERT 11-12 (Political Theory, Indian Constitution at Work) → M. Laxmikanth (Polity), O.P. Gauba (Theory) | Constitution articles + thinkers' ideas; Laxmikanth is non-negotiable. |
| Economics (अर्थशास्त्र) | Micro & Macro economics, statistics, Indian economy & development, money & banking, national income | NCERT 11-12 (Micro/Macro, Indian Economic Development) → degree: H.L. Ahuja, Dornbusch, Datt & Sundharam | Graphs + definitions + latest data (Budget/Survey) — mix theory with current. |
| Commerce / Accountancy (वाणिज्य) | Financial & corporate accounting, partnership/company accounts, business studies, cost & management acct., GST basics | NCERT 11-12 (Accountancy, Business Studies) → T.S. Grewal, M.C. Shukla, P.C. Tulsian | Practice journal–ledger–final accounts till mechanical; theory of B.St. alongside. |
| Computer Science (कंप्यूटर विज्ञान) | Programming (C++/Python), data structures, DBMS/SQL, OS, networking, Boolean logic, OOP, number systems | NCERT 11-12 (CS / Informatics Practices) → Sumita Arora → degree: Galgotia/standard DBMS, OS (Galvin) | Code-trace questions + theory; revise SQL queries and DS terms. |
| Home Science (गृह विज्ञान) | Food & nutrition, human development, family resource management, textiles & clothing, community development | NCERT 11-12 (Human Ecology & Family Sciences) → standard UG Home Science texts (B. Srilakshmi – Nutrition) | Nutrition values + developmental stages are factual scorers — memorise tables. |
| Sociology (समाजशास्त्र) | Sociological concepts, social institutions, Indian society & change, thinkers, social research methods | NCERT 11-12 (Intro to Sociology, Indian Society, Social Change) → Haralambos & Holborn, M.N. Srinivas | Tie thinkers (Marx/Weber/Durkheim) to concepts; Indian society from NCERT. |
| Psychology (मनोविज्ञान) | Cognition, learning & memory, motivation & emotion, intelligence, personality, development, statistics in psych. | NCERT 11-12 (Psychology) → degree: Morgan & King, Baron, Ciccarelli | Theorist-theory pairing + definitions; NCERT covers most MCQ stems. |
नोट: सर्वोत्तम स्रोत = पहले NCERT 11-12 (आधार पक्का), फिर स्नातक/स्नातकोत्तर की standard किताबें (गहराई के लिए), फिर PYQ। मानक लेखक सबसे आख़िर में — केवल कमज़ोर topics के लिए।
🗺️ Prep Playbook — 4-step order (तैयारी का सही क्रम)
इसी क्रम में चलें — क्रम बदला तो गहराई या आधार में से एक छूट जाएगा।
| Step | What to do | Why it works (कारण) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Master NCERT 11-12 cold — every line, diagram, table, example | NCERT ही आधार है; कई MCQ सीधे इन्हीं पंक्तियों से बनते हैं। |
| 2 | Graduation / PG texts for depth — only the standard book per subject | PGT पेपर डिग्री-स्तर का है; NCERT से आगे की गहराई यहीं मिलती है। |
| 3 | Solve PYQs (previous-year papers) of your board — UPSESSB / KVS / DSSSB / NVS / AWES | पैटर्न, weightage और repeat होने वाले topics PYQ से ही पता चलते हैं। |
| 4 | Standard authors for weak/advanced topics + senior-secondary pedagogy of the subject | कमज़ोर हिस्से और शिक्षण-विधि (कैसे पढ़ाएँ) यहाँ पूरी होती है। |
🧠 Mnemonic / याद रखने की ट्रिक
Prep order = "N–G–P–A" → NCERT → Graduation texts → PYQs → Authors. सोचें: "NGPA — पहले नींव (NCERT), फिर गहराई, फिर पेपर-प्रैक्टिस, फिर लेखक।"
💡 Exam tip / परीक्षा टिप — Depth vs Breadth
PGT में depth (गहराई) > breadth (विस्तार). Concerned Subject सबसे ज़्यादा अंक देता है, इसलिए एक ही topic को कई बार dohraना बेहतर है बजाय आधा-अधूरा सब कुछ छूने के। कुछ chosen topics में आप "विशेषज्ञ" बनें — एक ही टॉपिक पर NCERT + एक degree किताब + PYQ तीनों स्तर पढ़ें, क्योंकि एक ही concept कक्षा-12, ग्रेजुएशन और perspective तीनों स्तर पर पूछा जा सकता है। साथ में उस विषय की 11-12 pedagogy (कैसे पढ़ाएँ, NCERT का दृष्टिकोण) ज़रूर देखें।
⚠️ Common mistake / आम गलती — "NCERT तो बहुत basic है"
सबसे बड़ी गलती: NCERT 11-12 को "बहुत आसान" समझकर छोड़ देना और सीधे मोटी degree किताबें पढ़ना। हक़ीक़त यह है कि बहुत से MCQ की भाषा और तथ्य सीधे NCERT से उठाए जाते हैं — facts, definitions, diagrams और तालिकाएँ अक्सर word-to-word NCERT से आते हैं। NCERT आपकी नींव (foundation) है; इसे पक्का किए बिना degree-स्तर की किताबें अधूरी रहेंगी। पहले NCERT पूरा, फिर ऊपर की किताबें।
Board-specific yaad rakhein (किस बोर्ड में क्या):
- UP-PGT (UPSESSB): 125 MCQ · 2 घंटे · प्रत्येक 3.4 अंक · कुल 425 अंक · कोई negative marking नहीं. Sections = General Awareness + Concerned Subject (सबसे ज़्यादा weight) + Pedagogy. योग्यता = PG (50%) + B.Ed.
- KVS PGT: Tier-1 (100 Q, +3/−1, qualifying) → Tier-2 (subject, Objective + Descriptive, +1/−0.25) → Interview. Final merit = 85% Tier-2 + 15% Interview. योग्यता = PG + B.Ed. (यहाँ subject की गहराई + लिखित उत्तर दोनों मायने रखते हैं)
- DSSSB PGT: One-tier, 200 MCQ · 200 अंक · negative −0.25 प्रति गलत. Section I (common) + Section II (subject + pedagogy, PG-level). यहाँ गलत उत्तर से अंक कटते हैं — guessing सोच-समझकर।
- NVS PGT: KVS जैसा ही — Tier-1 + Tier-2 (subject) + Interview, EN+HI.
- AWES / Army Public School PGT: CSB online screening 200 Q (Part A common + Part B subject-specific ~90 Q) → interview/evaluation + skill test.
🎯 Strategy · 30-Day Plan · Exam-Day
रणनीति · 30-दिन योजना · परीक्षा-दिवस
Selection sirf knowledge se nahi, smart strategy se hoti hai. Ye section TGT aur PGT dono aspirants ke liye hai — ek 30-din ka revision roadmap, current-affairs plan, exam-day checklist aur attempt-strategy jo har board (UP-TGT/PGT, KVS, NVS, DSSSB, AWES) ke liye alag hai. (रणनीति = strategy; अंतिम 30 दिन सबसे कीमती होते हैं।)
🗓️ 30-Day Revision Roadmap (30-दिन की रिवीजन योजना)
रोज़ 6–8 घंटे: सुबह कठिन विषय, शाम को रिवीजन + मॉक। हर रविवार = केवल मॉक + गलती-विश्लेषण।
| Week / सप्ताह | Focus / मुख्य विषय | Daily targets / दैनिक लक्ष्य | Output / नतीजा |
|---|---|---|---|
| Week 1 Days 1–7 पेडागोजी + बाल विकास |
Pedagogy + Child Development (शिक्षाशास्त्र) — Piaget, Vygotsky, Kohlberg, Bloom's Taxonomy, learning theories, inclusive education, NEP-2020 basics, assessment (CCE). | 2 theory topics/day + make 1-page notes + 20 MCQ each. PGT: add post-graduate level pedagogy. | Pedagogy notes ready (KVS/NVS Tier-1 "Perspectives on Education" + DSSSB pedagogy section covered). |
| Week 2 Days 8–14 विषय + NCERT |
Concerned Subject + NCERT (संबंधित विषय) — your highest-weight section. TGT: NCERT classes 6–10 line by line. PGT: graduation/PG-level depth + advanced concepts. | 1 full subject unit/day, revise prev year subject Qs, 30 subject MCQ. Mark formula/date-heavy chapters. | Subject (max marks: UP-TGT 4/Q, PGT 3.4/Q) is your scoring engine — locked. |
| Week 3 Days 15–21 GK · राजनीति · करेंट · भाषा |
GK / Polity / Current Affairs + Language — General Awareness, Indian Polity, History, Geography, Reasoning, Arithmetic + General Hindi & General English grammar. | 1 GK topic + 1 reasoning + 1 maths set + grammar daily + last-6-month current-affairs capsule. | Common sections (KVS Tier-1, DSSSB Section A, AWES Part A, UP Gen-Awareness) all touched. |
| Week 4 Days 22–30 मॉक + कमज़ोरी + यह चीटशीट |
Full Mock Tests + Weak-area revision + THIS cheatsheet — only revision, no new topic. Take full-length timed mocks. | 1 full mock/day (real timer) → analyse every wrong answer → revise weak topic → re-read this cheatsheet. Last 2 days: ONLY notes + cheatsheet, sleep early. | Speed + accuracy peak. Exam temperament built. Zero new topics → zero panic. |
⚠️ Common mistake / आम गलती — Last 30 days mein NEW book/topic mat shuru karo. (आखिरी महीने में नई किताब = घबराहट।) Roadmap ka asli kaam = revise + mock + weak-area fix, naya seekhna nahi.
📰 Current-Affairs Strategy (समसामयिकी रणनीति)
पिछले 6 महीने सबसे ज़रूरी — मासिक कैप्सूल से पढ़ें, अख़बार में मत डूबें।
| Area / क्षेत्र | What to memorise / क्या याद करें |
|---|---|
| Govt schemes (सरकारी योजनाएँ) | Scheme name + launch ministry + objective + tagline. Education schemes (NEP-2020, PM-SHRI, Samagra Shiksha) extra-important for teaching posts. |
| Sports (खेल) | Winners, host city/country, captains, cups/trophies, recent records of last 6 months. |
| Awards & honours (पुरस्कार) | Padma awards, Nobel, Bharat Ratna, national film/literary awards — who & for what field. |
| Books & authors (पुस्तक-लेखक) | Recently released book → its author. Autobiographies are very common. |
| Appointments / Summits / Days | New CMs/Governors/CJI/RBI Governor, India-hosted summits, important national/international days & their themes. |
💡 Exam tip / परीक्षा टिप — Roz akhbaar padhne mein ghante mat lagao. Monthly current-affairs capsule (PDF) lo aur sirf last 6 months revise karo — exam usi window se aate hain. (हर महीने का कैप्सूल = कम समय, ज़्यादा कवर।)
✅ Exam-Day Checklist (परीक्षा-दिवस सूची)
📄 Documents to carry / दस्तावेज़
- Admit card (printed) + a spare photocopy
- Original valid photo ID — Aadhaar / Voter ID / PAN / Driving Licence
- 2 passport photos (same as on form)
- Blue/black ballpoint pen (esp. for OMR boards)
- Transparent water bottle, simple clothes — (कोई smartwatch/मोबाइल नहीं — जब्त हो सकता है)
🖥️ OMR / CBT tips
- OMR (UP-TGT/PGT, DSSSB pen-paper): fill bubble fully, never double-mark, no whitener. Fill in batches, not one-by-one.
- CBT (KVS, NVS, AWES online): use "Mark for Review", read the on-screen instructions, watch the live timer.
- Verify roll no./booklet series before starting.
⏱️ Time per question & attempt strategy by board
हर बोर्ड का नेगेटिव मार्किंग नियम अलग है — रणनीति भी अलग।
| Board | Pattern | Negative? | ≈ Time/Q | Attempt strategy |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| UP-TGT | 125 Q · 2 hr · 4 marks/Q · 500 total | No | ~57 sec | Attempt ALL 125 — koi blank na chhodo. Sure nahi to best guess karo, kuch nahi katega. |
| UP-PGT | 125 Q · 2 hr · 3.4 marks/Q · 425 total | No | ~57 sec | Attempt ALL 125 — same rule, no blanks. Subject + pedagogy mein full marks target. |
| KVS Tier-1 | 100 Q · 2 hr · +3/−1 · 300 (qualifying) | Yes (−1) | ~72 sec | Smart-skip. Only attempt if you can eliminate ≥2 options. No sectional cut-off → play to strengths. |
| KVS Tier-2 | Subject · Obj+Descriptive · +1/−0.25 | Yes (−0.25) | varies | Carries 85% of final merit — give it max prep. Guess only with 1 option eliminated. |
| NVS | Tier-1 (100 Q) + Tier-2 + Interview | Yes | ~72 sec | Treat like KVS — smart-skip blind guesses, attempt eliminated ones. |
| DSSSB TGT/PGT | 200 Q · 200 marks · −0.25/wrong | Yes (−0.25) | ~45–54 sec | Smart-skip wild guesses. Section B (subject) is your anchor — solve it first while fresh. |
| AWES / APS | 200 Q online · Part A + Part B | If applicable | varies | Check that exam's instruction screen for negative marking; if present, skip blind guesses; if none, attempt all. |
⚠️ Common mistake / आम गलती — Negative-marking board (KVS/NVS/DSSSB) mein har question ka tukka mat maaro. Andaaze se 4 sahi + 4 galat = net zero, sirf time barbaad. (बिना eliminate किए अंदाज़ा = नुकसान।) Jahan negative nahi (UP-TGT/PGT) wahan ek bhi blank mat chhodo.
💡 Smart Exam Tips (परीक्षा-कक्ष की तकनीक)
💡 Exam tip / परीक्षा टिप
- Two-round attempt: Round 1 — solve easy/known Qs fast, mark hard ones. Round 2 — return to marked ones with leftover time. (पहले आसान, फिर कठिन।)
- Subject section first (it carries the highest marks: UP-TGT 4/Q, PGT 3.4/Q) — solve it while your mind is freshest.
- Don't get stuck: ek question pe 90 sec se zyada mat do — mark & move on.
- Fill OMR/save CBT in batches and keep 5 min buffer at the end to recheck roll no., booklet code & un-attempted Qs.
🧠 Elimination method / निष्कासन विधि — Jab answer pakka na ho: galat options hatao. 2 options eliminate = 50% chance — negative-marking board mein bhi ye attempt karna profitable hai. Watch for extreme words ("always / never / only") — wo aksar galat hote hain; aur "All of the above" tab choose karo jab 2+ options sahi dikhein. (2 गलत विकल्प हटे = तब अंदाज़ा फ़ायदेमंद।)
💡 Managing exam stress / तनाव प्रबंधन — Raat ko 7–8 ghante so jao (ratto-jaagran nahi). Exam se pehle 4-7-8 deep breathing (4 sec saans lo, 7 rok, 8 mein chhodo) ghabrahat kam karti hai. Agar koi section tough lage to ghabrao mat — sabko tough lag raha hai, cut-off bhi tabhi girta hai. (एक प्रश्न कठिन = पूरा पेपर ख़राब नहीं। आगे बढ़ो।)
Tu TGT bane ya PGT — selection strategy + consistency se aata hai, sirf padhai ke ghanton se nahi. 🎓
मेहनत चुपचाप करो, रिज़ल्ट शोर मचाएगा। ये 30 दिन तुम्हारी ज़िंदगी बदल सकते हैं — डटे रहो, रोज़ एक मॉक दो, हर गलती से सीखो।
➡️ Ab strategy ko action mein badlo — Free GovExam Mock do!
Site par CTET, UPTET, KVS PRT aur DSSSB PRT ke free bilingual mock tests LIVE hain — real exam timer, instant score & solutions ke saath. (हर मॉक के बाद गलती-विश्लेषण ज़रूर करें — यही असली रिवीजन है।)